Management of granulomatous lobular mastitis: an international multidisciplinary consensus (2021 edition)

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions, etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology. The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidence-based consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.Improving the Ability of Diagnosis and Treatment of Difficult Disease

Graphene: Synthesis, properties and application in transparent electronic devices

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received huge attention because of their attractiveness for use in many electronic and optoelectronic devices. Graphene is the two-dimensional basic building block for carbon allotropes of any dimensionality, such as graphite, nanotubes and fullerenes. As we know, transparent electrodes are an important component in many modern electronic devices such as touch screen, liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED) and solar cells. In addition, all of electronic appliances are growing in demand too much fast due to the rapid industrialization and growing human population. Right now, this role has been well used by doped metal oxide materials; most common are tin doped indium oxide (ITO) and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO). In recent years many other transparent conducting materials (TCM) have also been developed such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, metal nanowires and nanoparticles. Among the all these TCM, graphene has received greater attention due to advantages over other materials because of its very high electrical conductivity, optical transparency and flexibility. The flexibility of graphene-based devices goes beyond conventional transistor circuits and includes flexible and transparent electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, electromechanical systems, and energy technologies. This review article will explore the production of graphene by different methods, properties of graphene and also analyze the application in transparent conducting electronic devices

Polymer-Mediated Formation and Assembly of Silver Nanoparticles on Silica Nanospheres for Sensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection

To impart a desired optical property to metal nanoparticles (NPs) suitable for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications, it is crucial to assemble them in two or three dimensions in addition to controlling their size and shape. Herein, we report a new strategy for the synthesis and direct assembly of Ag NPs on silica nanospheres (AgNPs-SiNS) in the presence of poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives such as PEG-OH, bis­(amino)-PEGs (DA-PEGs), and <i>O</i>,<i>O</i>′-bis­(2-aminopropyl)­PEG (DAP-PEG). They exhibited different effects on the formation of Ag NPs with variable sizes (10–40 nm) and density on the silica surface. As the molecular weight (MW) of DA-PEGs increased, the number of Ag NPs on the silica surface increased. In addition, DAP-PEG (MW of 2000), which has a 2-aminopropyl moiety at both ends, promoted the most effective formation and assembly of uniform-sized Ag NPs on a silica surface, as compared to the other PEG derivatives with the same molecular weight. Finally, we demonstrated that AgNPs-SiNS bearing 4-fluorobenzenethiol on its surface induced the strong SERS signal at the single-particle level, indicating that each hybrid particle has internal hot spots. This shows the potential of AgNPs-SiNS for SERS-based sensitive detection of target molecules

Adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in adult autologous stem cell transplant recipients: polyfunctional immune responses and lessons for clinical practice.

Immunocompromised individuals, particularly autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (auHSCT) recipients, are at high risk for herpes zoster (HZ). We provide an in-depth description of humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses by age (protocol-defined) or underlying disease (post-hoc) as well as efficacy by underlying disease (post-hoc) of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in a randomized observer-blind phase III trial (ZOE-HSCT, NCT01610414). 1846 adult auHSCT recipients were randomized to receive a first dose of either RZV or placebo 50-70&nbsp;days post-auHSCT, followed by the second dose at 1-2&nbsp;months (M) later. In cohorts of 114-1721 participants, at 1&nbsp;M post-second vaccine dose: Anti-gE antibody geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and median gE-specific CD4[2+] T-cell frequencies (CD4 T cells expressing ≥2 of four assessed activation markers) were similar between 18-49 and ≥50-year-olds. Despite lower anti-gE antibody GMCs in non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (NHBCL) patients, CD4[2+] T-cell frequencies were similar between NHBCL and other underlying diseases. The proportion of polyfunctional CD4 T cells increased over time, accounting for 79.6% of gE-specific CD4 T cells at 24&nbsp;M post-dose two. Vaccine efficacy against HZ ranged between 42.5% and 82.5% across underlying diseases and was statistically significant in NHBCL and multiple myeloma patients. In conclusion, two RZV doses administered early post-auHSCT induced robust, persistent, and polyfunctional gE-specific immune responses. Efficacy against HZ was also high in NHBCL patients despite the lower humoral response