Cytokinin and abiotic stress tolerance -What has been accomplished and the way forward?

More than a half-century has passed since it was discovered that phytohormone cytokinin (CK) is essential to drive cytokinesis and proliferation in plant tissue culture. Thereafter, cytokinin has emerged as the primary regulator of the plant cell cycle and numerous developmental processes. Lately, a growing body of evidence suggests that cytokinin has a role in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stress. Cytokinin is essential to defend plants against excessive light exposure and a unique kind of abiotic stress generated by an altered photoperiod. Secondly, cytokinin also exhibits multi-stress resilience under changing environments. Furthermore, cytokinin homeostasis is also affected by several forms of stress. Therefore, the diverse roles of cytokinin in reaction to stress, as well as its interactions with other hormones, are discussed in detail. When it comes to agriculture, understanding the functioning processes of cytokinins under changing environmental conditions can assist in utilizing the phytohormone, to increase productivity. Through this review, we briefly describe the biological role of cytokinin in enhancing the performance of plants growth under abiotic challenges as well as the probable mechanisms underpinning cytokinin-induced stress tolerance. In addition, the article lays forth a strategy for using biotechnological tools to modify genes in the cytokinin pathway to engineer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The information presented here will assist in better understanding the function of cytokinin in plants and their effective investigation in the cropping system

Alignment of the ALICE Inner Tracking System with cosmic-ray tracks

37 pages, 15 figures, revised version, accepted by JINSTALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) experiment devoted to investigating the strongly interacting matter created in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC energies. The ALICE ITS, Inner Tracking System, consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors with three different technologies; in the outward direction: two layers of pixel detectors, two layers each of drift, and strip detectors. The number of parameters to be determined in the spatial alignment of the 2198 sensor modules of the ITS is about 13,000. The target alignment precision is well below 10 micron in some cases (pixels). The sources of alignment information include survey measurements, and the reconstructed tracks from cosmic rays and from proton-proton collisions. The main track-based alignment method uses the Millepede global approach. An iterative local method was developed and used as well. We present the results obtained for the ITS alignment using about 10^5 charged tracks from cosmic rays that have been collected during summer 2008, with the ALICE solenoidal magnet switched off.Peer reviewe

Transverse momentum spectra of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at s=900\sqrt{s} = 900 GeV with ALICE at the LHC

The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 900$ GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region $(|\eta|<0.8)$ over the transverse momentum range $0.15<p_{\rm T}<10$ GeV/$c$. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for $|\eta|<0.8$ is $\left<p_{\rm T}\right>_{\rm INEL}=0.483\pm0.001$ (stat.) $\pm0.007$ (syst.) GeV/$c$ and \left_{\rm NSD}=0.489\pm0.001 (stat.) $\pm0.007$ (syst.) GeV/$c$, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger $\left<p_{\rm T}\right>$ than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/390

Synthesis and structural studies on bis-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-X-salicylaldiminato complexes of cobalt(III) and copper(II)

1010-1014Spectroscopic properties and magnetic behaviours of the synthesised cobalt(III) and copper(II) complexes of the Schiff bases N-(2-hydroxyethyl-X-salicylaldimines) (where X=H or 5Br) and the molecular structure of bis- (N2-hydroxycthylsalicylaldiminato) copper(II) determined by three dimensional single crystal X-ray analysis arc reported.</span

Some mixed ligand complexes of cobalt (II) with bidentate schiff bases

1098-1100Cobalt(II) mixed ligand complexes, [Co(SBb)(SBb׳)] and [Co(SBb)(Lig)] (SBb/SBb' =anions of bidentate schiff bases; Lig = anion of acetylacetone, salicylaldehyde, oxine or glycine ) have been isolated and characterised by elemental analyses, IR, UV - visible and mass spectral data, magnetic moment, ESR and cyclic voltammetric studies. Pseudotetrahedral arrangement of ligands around the cobalt(II) ion is suggested. </span

Carbonyl metal derivatives of schiff bases and schiff base complexes of copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(III)

144-148Free schiff bases, copper(II), nickel(II) complexes of schiff bases and mixed ligand complexes of cobalt(III) are subjected to carbonyl chromium insertion reactions. Carbonyl chromium incorporated complexes with tricarbonyl chromium, Cr(CO)3 groups bonded to phenyl rings have been isolated and characterised by FTIR, UV-visible, 1H NMR and FABMS spectroscopic methods. Preferential binding of Cr(CO)3 groups to phenyl rings are discussed

Anesthetic management in a patient with Kindler's syndrome

A 35-year-old male with pan-anterior urethral stricture was scheduled to undergo perineal urethrostomy. He was a known case of Kindler's syndrome since infancy. He was having a history of blister formation, extensive poikiloderma and progressive cutaneous atrophy since childhood. He had a tendency of trauma-induced blisters with clear or hemorrhagic contents that healed with scarring. The fingers were sclerodermiform with dystrophic nails and inability to completely clench the fist. Airway examination revealed thyromental distance of 7 cm with limited neck extension, limited mouth opening and mallampatti class III with a fixed large tongue. He was reported as grade IV Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopic on previous anesthesia exposure. We described the anesthetic management of such case on guidelines for epidermolysis bullosa. In the operating room, an 18-G cannula was secured in the right upper limb using Coban™ Wrap. The T-piece of the cannula was than inserted into the slit and the tape was wrapped around the extremity. The ECG electrodes were placed on the limbs and fixed with Coban™. Noninvasive blood pressure cuff was applied over the wrap after wrapping the arm with Webril® cotton. Oral fiberoptic tracheal intubation was done after lubricating the laryngoscope generously with a water-based lubricant with 7-mm endotracheal tube. Surgery proceeded without any complication. After reversing the residual neuromuscular block, trachea was extubated once the patient became awake. He was kept in the postanesthesia care unit for 2 hours and then shifted to urology ward

Exchange of amine part of schiff bases with ammonia in presence of a metal ion: Molecular structure of bis-(salicylaldiminato) nickel(II)

373-376The schiff bases N-X1-acetophenyl-X2-salicylaldimines (X1=4 or 3; ·X2=H or 5Br) inert to complexation with nickel(II) and cobalt(II) salts undergo very prompt reactions when ammonia is added to the reaction mixture. X2-salicylaldiminatonickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes are isolated and identified by elemental analyses, infrared and mass spectra and finally confirmed by X-ray structure analysis performed on a nickel(II) complex.</span

Synthesis and structure of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">trans</i>-dichlorobis (ethylenediamine) cobalt(II) hydrochloride <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">adduct, [Co(en)₂Cl₂].HCI</span>

1063-1065Stabilisation of &nbsp;[Co(en)2Cl2].HCI adduct is established on the basis of IR , electronic spectral magnetic and voltammetric studies and finally confirmed by X-ray structure analysis.</span