Epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado do Espírito Santo. O Estado foi dividido em dois circuitos produtores. Em cada circuito foram amostradas aleatoriamente cerca de 300 propriedades e, dentro dessas, foi escolhido de forma aleatória um número pré-estabelecido de animais, dos quais foi obtida uma amostra de sangue. No total, foram amostrados 5.351 animais, provenientes de 622 propriedades. Em cada propriedade amostrada foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para verificar o tipo de exploração e as práticas de criação e sanitárias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infecção pela doença. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado e o reteste dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol. O rebanho foi considerado positivo quando pelo menos um animal foi reagente às duas provas sorológicas. Para o Estado, as prevalências de focos e de animais infectados foram, respectivamente, de 9,0% [7,0-11,6%] e 3,5% [1,9-6,4%]. Para os circuitos, as prevalências de focos e de animais infectados foram, respectivamente, de: circuito 1, 6,8% [4,5-10,2%] e 3,4% [1,3-8,6%]; circuito 2, 10,9% [7,9%-14,8%] e 3,7% [2,1-6,3%]. Os fatores de risco (odds ratio, OR) associados à condição de foco foram: utilização de inseminação artificial (OR = 7,05 [2,51-19,82]) e confinamento/semiconfinamento dos animais (OR = 2,98 [1,22-7,26]). A vacinação de fêmeas entre três e oito meses de idade foi um fator protetor (OR = 0,03 [0,01-0,1]). _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABXTRACTA study to characterize the epidemiological status of brucellosis was carried out in the State of Espírito Santo. The State was divided in two regions. Three hundred herds were randomly sampled in each region and a pre-established number of animals were sampled in each of these herds. A total of 5,351 serum samples from 622 herds were collected. In each herd, it was applied an epidemiological questionnaire focused on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The serum samples were screened for antibodies against Brucella spp. by the Rose-Bengal Test (RBT), and all positive sera were re-tested by the 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME). The herd was considered positive if at least one animal was positive on both RBT and 2-ME tests. The prevalence of infected herds and animals in the State were, respectively, 9.0% [7.0-11.6%] and 3.5% [1.9-6.4%]. The prevalence of infected herds and animals in the regions were, respectively: region 1, 6.8% [4.5-10.2%] and 3.4% [1.3-8.6%]; and region 2, 10.9% [7.9-14.8%] and 3.7% [2.1-6.3%]. The risk factors (odds ratio, OR) associated with the presence of the infection were: use of artificial insemination (OR = 7.05 [2.51-19.82]) and intensive/semi-intensive management systems (OR = 2.98 [1.22-7.26]). Vaccination of heifers from three to eight months of age was a protective factor (OR = 0.03 [0.01-0.1])

Epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado do Espírito Santo. O Estado foi dividido em dois circuitos produtores. Em cada circuito foram amostradas aleatoriamente cerca de 300 propriedades e, dentro dessas, foi escolhido de forma aleatória um número pré-estabelecido de animais, dos quais foi obtida uma amostra de sangue. No total, foram amostrados 5.351 animais, provenientes de 622 propriedades. Em cada propriedade amostrada foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para verificar o tipo de exploração e as práticas de criação e sanitárias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infecção pela doença. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado e o reteste dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol. O rebanho foi considerado positivo quando pelo menos um animal foi reagente às duas provas sorológicas. Para o Estado, as prevalências de focos e de animais infectados foram, respectivamente, de 9,0% [7,0-11,6%] e 3,5% [1,9-6,4%]. Para os circuitos, as prevalências de focos e de animais infectados foram, respectivamente, de: circuito 1, 6,8% [4,5-10,2%] e 3,4% [1,3-8,6%]; circuito 2, 10,9% [7,9%-14,8%] e 3,7% [2,1-6,3%]. Os fatores de risco (odds ratio, OR) associados à condição de foco foram: utilização de inseminação artificial (OR = 7,05 [2,51-19,82]) e confinamento/semiconfinamento dos animais (OR = 2,98 [1,22-7,26]). A vacinação de fêmeas entre três e oito meses de idade foi um fator protetor (OR = 0,03 [0,01-0,1]). _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABXTRACTA study to characterize the epidemiological status of brucellosis was carried out in the State of Espírito Santo. The State was divided in two regions. Three hundred herds were randomly sampled in each region and a pre-established number of animals were sampled in each of these herds. A total of 5,351 serum samples from 622 herds were collected. In each herd, it was applied an epidemiological questionnaire focused on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The serum samples were screened for antibodies against Brucella spp. by the Rose-Bengal Test (RBT), and all positive sera were re-tested by the 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME). The herd was considered positive if at least one animal was positive on both RBT and 2-ME tests. The prevalence of infected herds and animals in the State were, respectively, 9.0% [7.0-11.6%] and 3.5% [1.9-6.4%]. The prevalence of infected herds and animals in the regions were, respectively: region 1, 6.8% [4.5-10.2%] and 3.4% [1.3-8.6%]; and region 2, 10.9% [7.9-14.8%] and 3.7% [2.1-6.3%]. The risk factors (odds ratio, OR) associated with the presence of the infection were: use of artificial insemination (OR = 7.05 [2.51-19.82]) and intensive/semi-intensive management systems (OR = 2.98 [1.22-7.26]). Vaccination of heifers from three to eight months of age was a protective factor (OR = 0.03 [0.01-0.1]).Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV

Caracterização da pecuária bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

The aim of this work was to characterize the cattle raising in Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil. The State was divided into three cattle production regions according to its mesoregions: production region 1 (Sertão mesoregion), production region 2 (Borborema mesoregion) and production region 3 (Agreste and Zona da Mata mesoregions). Overall, 689 rural properties from the three production regions were randomly selected. The variables used in the characterization were production system, farming system, type of milking, use of artificial insemination, milk cooling, number of lactating cows, daily milk production, herd size and number of bovine females > 24 months of age. It was found that most farms in Paraíba State are family or subsistence farms, predominantly mixed production, semi-intensive farming, with utilization of hand milking and natural mating, without use of milk cooling, low number of lactating cows and daily milk production. It were found differences and similarities among production regions so that it is suggested that such aspects must be taking into account in livestock development public policy planning, as well as in the implementation of disease control strategies. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a pecuária bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O Estado da Paraíba foi dividido em três circuitos produtores de bovinos, levando-se em consideração as suas mesorregiões: circuito produtor 1 (mesorregião do Sertão), circuito produtor 2 (mesorregião da Borborema) e circuito produtor 3 (mesorregiões do Agreste e Zona da Mata). No total, foram selecionadas aleatoriamente 689 propriedades rurais distribuídas nos três circuitos produtores. As variáveis utilizadas na caracterização foram tipo de exploração, tipo de criação, tipo de ordenha, uso de inseminação artificial, resfriamento do leite, número de vacas em lactação, produção diária de leite, tamanho do rebanho e número de fêmeas bovinas com idade > 24 meses em relação ao total de bovinos. Pelos resultados obtidos constatou-se que a maioria das explorações pecuárias paraibanas é familiar ou de subsistência, com predominância de exploração mista, criação semi-confinada, com utilização de ordenha manual e monta natural, sem emprego de resfriamento do leite produzido, com baixo número de vacas em lactação e baixa produtividade diária de leite. Foram encontradas diferenças e semelhanças entre os circuitos produtores, de maneira que se sugere que tais aspectos sejam levados em consideração quando do planejamento de políticas de desenvolvimento pecuário, bem como na implementação de ações de controle de doenças

Novel polymeric dressing to the treatment of infected chronic wound

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a natural polymer which has arisen large interest in the biomedical field, mostly, due to its ability to facilitate angiogenesis and therefore, tissue repair. Moxifloxacin (MXF) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic orally administrated. Considering the biological properties of the NRL and its ability to deliver a wide range of compounds, the present study aimed to develop a novel device for infected chronic wound treatment. MXF-loaded NRL was obtained by a casting method. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of MXF in NRL did not promote any molecular interaction, preserving the integrity of the compounds. The mechanical properties of the biomaterial did not show any significant change, indicating enough elasticity for dermal application. The microbiological assays confirmed the ability of the polymer to deliver the drug without influencing its pharmacological properties. Moreover, it has expressed activity against major bacterial strains presented in wound infections. Finally, the biomaterial shown biocompatibility from the in vitro study. Thus, the present work has shown that MXF-loaded NRL membrane is a promising biomaterial to infected wound treatment

Imagens em trânsito: as virgens de Luján e Sumampa e os circuitos coloniais na América Meridional na primeira metade do século XVII

This article seeks to analyze the materiality and part of the trajectory of two seventeenth-century terracotta statuettes - one of Nossa Senhora da Conceição and another of Nossa Senhora da Consolação - who respectively became the Virgin of Luján, patron of Argentina, and Virgen of Sumampa. Both are understood here as intertwined in the various networks and connections between the Portuguese and Spanish America in the contiguous areas of South America in the first half of the seventeenth century. In the text, we discuss a possible "Paulista" origin of these images which, in addition to an apparent coincidence, attests that the great "Peruvian space," articulated by Potosí, also included distinct regions of Portuguese America. Ii is in this expanded space marked by the traffic of people, goods and objects linked to the networks of smuggling that we follow the paths of these two images, trying to visualize how they got peculiar meanings in different contexts and environments.Neste artigo busca-se analisar a materialidade e parte da trajetória de duas imagens seiscentistas em terracota - uma de Nossa Senhora da Conceição e outra de Nossa Senhora da Consolação - que se tornaram, respectivamente, a Virgen de Luján, padroeira da Argentina, e a Virgen de Sumampa. Ambas são compreendidas aqui como entrelaçadas nas variadas redes e conexões estabelecidas entre a América portuguesa e espanhola, nos espaços contíguos da América Meridional na primeira metade do século XVII. No texto, discute-se uma possível procedência "paulista" dessas imagens, o que, para além de uma aparente casualidade, atesta como o grande "espaço peruano", articulado por Potosí, incluía também distintas regiões da América portuguesa. É nesse espaço ampliado, marcado pelo tráfego de pessoas, mercadorias e objetos atrelados às redes comerciais de contrabando, que acompanhamos os percursos dessas duas imagens, buscando visualizar como elas ganharam sentidos peculiares em ambientes e contextos diversos

Relíquias sagradas e a construção do território cristão na Idade Moderna

O texto investiga um elemento estratégico para promovera cristianização do território da América Portuguesa nos dois primeiros séculos de ocupação: as relíquias sagradas, restos físicos dos santos, principalmente seus ossos, mas também outros artefatos com os quais os santos tiveram contato. Os atributos simultâneos de sacralidade e mobilidade da maior parte das relíquias, sua condição de repositório portátil da história e da memória católicas, deram a esses artefatos uma posição altamente privilegiada como agentes da duplicação do território cristão na América. Utilizando fontes documentais dos dois lados do Atlântico Ibérico, o texto investiga processos de descobertas, traslado e produção de relíquias sagradas, revelando sua função primordial de estruturação do espaço cristão. Além disso, mostra que as relíquias sagradas constituíram objetos em torno dos quais missionários e índios estabeleceram um campo de traduções e interlocuções, levando adiante, nas vertentes católica e ameríndia, o difícil trabalho de reconhecimento e apropriação do outro

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data