Dificuldades Contramajoritárias: Critérios legitimadores da Jurisdição Constitucional

RESUMO O presente artigo tem por escopo analisar a questão da legitimidade jurisdicional das Cortes Constitucionais, apelando principalmente para a pesquisa bibliográfica, de modo que sejam estipulados os fundamentos e aplicabilidade da legitimidade de tais instituições. Tal indagação é levada a cabo pela composição sem qualquer forma de eleição direta das aludidas Cortes, o que tem feito exsurgir o debate quanto à legitimidade de tais instâncias judiciais para a tomada de decisões que contrariem diretamente a vontade da maioria, ou que retirem, em sede de controle de constitucionalidade concentrado, a eficácia de leis aprovadas pela maioria dos representantes eleitos pela população. Assim, carateriza-se a função primária da jurisdição constitucional no Estado Democrático de Direito, além da definição e das concepções hodiernas de legitimidade, de modo que fique caracterizada a tensão entre ambas dentro das Dificuldades Contramajoritárias. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Dificuldades Contramajoritárias. Jurisdição Constitucional. Legitimidade. Teoria Constitucional. ABSTRACT The current article aims to analyze the question of jurisdictional legitimacy of Constitutional Courts, appealing mainly for bibliographic research, such are stipulated the foundations and applicability of those institution’s legitimacy. Such inquiry is taken by the composition without any kind of direct elections in those Courts, what is rising the debate about the legitimacy of these judicial instances for the decision-making that contraries directly the majority will, or that withdraw, in place of concentrated control of constitutionality, the effectiveness of statues passed by the majority of elected representatives. This way, this work characterizes the primary function of constitutional jurisdiction in Democratic State, in addition to the definition and nowadays conceptions of legitimacy, so that is characterized the tension between both inside the Countermajoritarian Difficulties. KEYWORDS: Countermajoritarian Difficulties. Constitutional Jurisdiction. Legitimacy. Constitutional Theory. Data da Submissão: 15/09/2014 Data da Aceitação: 24/10/201

KANT: Os fundamentos da dignidade da pessoa humana como condição para uma hermenêutica do dever

O foco desta analise trata de resgatar os fundamentos jus filosóficos do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana constatada na Constituição Federal de 1988, em seu sentido hermenêutico, jurídico, e suas condições de universalização. Por essa razão, o caminho metodológico percorrido investigou, no pensamento kantiano, a condição de esboçar a questão do princípio da dignidade humana como norma universal, por meio da elaboração do imperativo categórico. Todavia também se problematizará ao longo da discussão a condição de possibilidade de uma hermenêutica embasada na teoria kantiana em torno da dignidade humana, já que os desdobramentos conceituais, escopos da teoria kantiana, apresentam-se contra quaisquer instrumentalidades do direito. Isso ocorre porque, para Kant, o sujeito racional e esclarecido poderá delimitar o que é a dignidade humana no âmbito do Estado de Direito. Nesse sentido, as dissonâncias entre dignidade e imperativo categórico são solucionadas em Kant, já que ele delineia o objetivo da autonomia da razão como a própria possibilidade da dignidade da pessoa humana se materializar: o sujeito busca na autonomia um sentido maior de cumprimento do dever e a realização da liberdade, devendo refutar motivações derivadas da recompensa ou da vontade. Palavras-chave: Dignidade humana; Autonomia; Lei; Liberdade. KANT: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PERSON HUMAN DIGNITY AS A CONDITION FOR A HERMENEUTICS OF DUTY ABSTRACT The focus of this analysis is to rescue the jus philosophical foundations the principle of human dignity found in the Federal Constitution of 1988, in his hermeneutic, legal sense, and its universal conditions. For this reason, the methodological path followed investigated, within the Kantian, the condition of sketch the question of the principle of human dignity as a universal, standard by developing the categorical imperative. However, also problems throughout the discussion, the condition of possibility of a hermeneutic grounded in Kant's theory about human dignity, as the conceptual developments, scopes of Kantian theory, are presented against any instrumentalities of law. This is because, for Kant, rational and enlightened subject, you can define what is human dignity under the rule of law. In this sense, the dissonance between dignity and categorical imperative are resolved in Kant, as he outlines the purpose of the reason of autonomy as the very possibility of human dignity materialize: the subject search in a greater sense of autonomy compliance with the duty and realization of freedom, must refute motivations derived from the reward, or will. Keywords: Human Dignity; Autonomy; Law; Freedom. Data da submissão: 28/01/2015 Data da aceitação: 12/05/201

A falência do proibicionismo da lei nº 11.343/2006 à luz do minimalismo penal: As políticas alternativas para a cannabis e seus impactos socioeconômicos

O presente artigo aborda a discussão das políticas de drogas em âmbito nacional e internacional, por meio da comparação entre regimes e alternativas que cuidam desse tema. No Brasil, a política adotada é a de criminalização tanto do consumo quanto da venda de drogas. Apesar da conduta do consumo de drogas possuir penas mais brandas do que aquelas aplicadas ao tráfico, sua aplicabilidade está comprometida diante da ausência de critérios objetivos para sua incidência. Além disso, o assunto em discussão é analisado sob o enfoque do minimalismo penal, o qual, em suma, prega a aplicação mínima da pena privativa de liberdade, devendo haver sanções alternativas para as condutas menos gravosas. Em contrapartida, questiona-se o pensamento proibicionista, comparando-o às políticas de redução de danos adotadas em países como a Holanda e os Estados Unidos, tendo em vista que esses países descriminalizam a venda e o consumo de maconha através de regulamentação rigorosa, além de se analisar como tais medidas repercutiram na sociedade

Megazol and its bioisostere 4H-1,2,4-triazole: comparing the trypanocidal, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities and their in vitro and in silico interactions with the Trypanosoma brucei nitroreductase enzyme

Megazol (7) is a 5-nitroimidazole that is highly active against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, as well as drug-resistant forms of trypanosomiasis. Compound 7 is not used clinically due to its mutagenic and genotoxic properties, but has been largely used as a lead compound. Here, we compared the activity of 7 with its 4H-1,2,4-triazole bioisostere (8) in bloodstream forms of T. brucei and T. cruzi and evaluated their activation by T. brucei type I nitroreductase (TbNTR) enzyme. We also analysed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of these compounds in whole human blood using Comet and fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide assays. Although the only difference between 7 and 8 is the substitution of sulphur (in the thiadiazole in 7) for nitrogen (in the triazole in 8), the results indicated that 8 had poorer antiparasitic activity than 7 and was not genotoxic, whereas 7 presented this effect. The determination of Vmax indicated that although 8 was metabolised more rapidly than 7, it bounds to the TbNTR with better affinity, resulting in equivalent kcat/KM values. Docking assays of 7 and 8 performed within the active site of a homology model of the TbNTR indicating that 8 had greater affinity than 7

Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora

Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come

Amazon tree dominance across forest strata

The forests of Amazonia are among the most biodiverse plant communities on Earth. Given the immediate threats posed by climate and land-use change, an improved understanding of how this extraordinary biodiversity is spatially organized is urgently required to develop effective conservation strategies. Most Amazonian tree species are extremely rare but a few are common across the region. Indeed, just 227 ‘hyperdominant’ species account for >50% of all individuals >10 cm diameter at 1.3 m in height. Yet, the degree to which the phenomenon of hyperdominance is sensitive to tree size, the extent to which the composition of dominant species changes with size class and how evolutionary history constrains tree hyperdominance, all remain unknown. Here, we use a large floristic dataset to show that, while hyperdominance is a universal phenomenon across forest strata, different species dominate the forest understory, midstory and canopy. We further find that, although species belonging to a range of phylogenetically dispersed lineages have become hyperdominant in small size classes, hyperdominants in large size classes are restricted to a few lineages. Our results demonstrate that it is essential to consider all forest strata to understand regional patterns of dominance and composition in Amazonia. More generally, through the lens of 654 hyperdominant species, we outline a tractable pathway for understanding the functioning of half of Amazonian forests across vertical strata and geographical locations

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordData availability statement: The percentages of dispersal modes per plot are included as Supporting Information (Table S7, based on 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests in Amazonia). The dispersal modes assigned to these 5433 species and morphospecies are also included as Supporting Information (Table S8).Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.Colombian institution Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación COLCIENCIASFaculty of Sciences, Universidad de los Ande

Hálux valgo e pés planos: as forças plantares são iguais? Hallux valgus and flat feet: are plantar forces equal?

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar as forças plantares nos dedos dos pés de mulheres com hálux valgo e/ou pés planos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo mulheres com hálux valgo e/ou pés planos confirmado através de análise radiográfica. Mediram-se as forças plantares, utilizando plataformas de forças. Coletaram-se estas forças com as mulheres descalças e em posição ereta, por três medidas sendo obtida uma média. Os dados foram adquiridos através da ponte amplificadora Spider 8 da HBM e analisados através do programa Catman®. Obtiveram-se as medidas de forças dos dedos de ambos os pés e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student segundo a presença de hálux valgo e pés planos; a associação entre essas deformidades foi estimada pelo teste exato de Fischer bicaudal, a significância estatística adotada foi alfa = 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas no estudo, vinte mulheres com presença ou não de hálux valgo. As forças médias encontradas mostraram-se maiores no 5º dedo em relação ao 1º dedo de ambos os pés (p< 0,05) em ambas as situações. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo encontraram-se, ao contrário de outros trabalhos, forças no 5º dedo maiores que no 1º em ambos os pés.<br>OBJECTIVE: to measure the plantar forces above the toes of women with hallux valgus and/or flat feet. METHODS: This study involved women with hallux valgus and/or flat feet confirmed by X-ray images. The plantar forces were measured utilizing force plates. Force was measured three times, which were taken with the women on barefoot and at upright position, recording the average for the three measurements. Data were acquired from Spider 8 system (HBM) and analyzed by using a Catman® software. The measurements for both feet's toes force were reported and the averages were compared by the Student's t-test according to the presence of hallux valgus and flat feet; the association between these deformities was estimated by using the two-tailed Fischer's exact test, the statistical significance adopted was alpha = 5%. RESULTS: For this study, 20 women with or without hallux valgus were included. The mean force values found showed to be higher on the fifth toe compared to first toe of both feet (p < 0.05) in both situations. CONCLUSION: in this study, we found strong forces on the fifth toe than on the first toe, contradicting some studies in literature