Determination of antioxidant activity of saffron taken from the flower of Crocus sativus grown in Lebanon

Since oxidative stress has been implicated in most common cause of death, especially in case of cancer and cardiovascular disease, natural substances and spices that show antioxidant effects merit a closer examination. Saffron is the yellow natural spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus and used as a coloring agent in many foods worldwide. In this study, we determined the total polyphenols content in the Lebanese saffron and the antioxidant effects of different extracts from this saffron in vitro using electrolysis of physiological solution for generation of free radicals (FR) in the presence of colorimetric indicator N,N-di-ethyl-P-phenylenedialanine; the absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 515 nm. Histophathological studies allowed us to observe the damages caused by FR in the isolated organs of hamsters (kidney, liver, lungs, and heart) and on the other hand the protection that saffron provided to these vital organs. By using assay kits, we evaluated the levels of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity, the important free radical scavenging enzyme. The results showed that both boiled and soaked saffron at 0.45 mg/ml are highly effective against FR generated by electrolysis and against the damages caused to the organs tested as observed by light microscopy. Moreover, saffron significantly (p < 0.05) decreased lipid peroxidation and increased superoxide dismutase activity in all tissues used as compared to control. We concluded that Lebanese saffron strongly protects vital organs against oxidative stress.Key words: Crocus sativus, oxidative stress, free radicals, Lebanese saffron, antioxidant activity, free radicals scavengers

Land Policy and Environmental Justice: The Case of Publicly Owned Properties in Lebanon

Introduction Some of the most radical urban struggles we have witnessed in Lebanon arose in the face of urban projects or buildings that had not yet been implemented. These struggles were informed by people’s knowledge of these projects’ devastating environmental, social, economic and psychological consequences. It is not surprising that a lot of discussion and movements are built around future constructions and that objections to these projects and attempts to prevent them become aggressive,..

Structure tridimensionnelle du complexe histone acétyltransférase NuA4 (S. cerevisiae)

Chez S.cerevisiae, NuA4 est un complexe Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) de 1,3 MDa contenant 13 sous unités. Esal, seule HAT essentielle chez la levure, est la sous-unité catalytique qui acétyle les histones H4 et H2A et une des six protéines essentielles du complexe. De plus, six protéines sont présentes dans d'autres complexes de modification (SAGA, Sin3/Rpd3) et de remodelage ATP- dépendant de la chromatine (Ino80 et Swrl) et deux sous-groupes ont été identifiés comme ayant une activité cellulaire indépendante et distincte de NuA4 (PiccoloNuA4 et le trimère Eaf5/7/3). Cette organisation modulaire de NuA4 correspond aux multiples besoins de recrutements et de régulation d'Esal par la cellule lors des événements de réparation, de transcription et de replication de la chromatine. Chez l'humain, le complexe Tip60 est l'orthologue de NuA4 et regroupe les activités de modification de la chromatine de NuA4 et de Swrl. L'organisation spatiale de NuA4 présente donc beaucoup d'intérêt. Au sein du laboratoire du professeur Jacques Côté, je concentre mon travail sur la production et la purification du complexe NuA4. Avec nos échantillons hautement purifiés, les techniques d'analyse par microscopie électronique (EM) et de reconstitution informatique, réalisées par nos collaborateurs Johnathan Chittuluru et Francisco Asturias, permettent, avec une forte résolution, de visualiser le complexe en 3D. Les atouts majeurs associés à cette technique sont aussi de visualiser les interactions du complexe avec un nucléosome et de localiser les sous-unités dans le complexe (par deletion ou étiquetage). Dès lors, ces résultats apportent des indications pertinentes sur NuA4 et ces différents modules qui par recrutement ou interaction directe avec les histones participent à la régulation dynamique de la chromatine

Candida albicans repetitive elements display epigenetic diversity and plasticity

Transcriptionally silent heterochromatin is associated with repetitive DNA. It is poorly understood whether and how heterochromatin differs between different organisms and whether its structure can be remodelled in response to environmental signals. Here, we address this question by analysing the chromatin state associated with DNA repeats in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Our analyses indicate that, contrary to model systems, each type of repetitive element is assembled into a distinct chromatin state. Classical Sir2-dependent hypoacetylated and hypomethylated chromatin is associated with the rDNA locus while telomeric regions are assembled into a weak heterochromatin that is only mildly hypoacetylated and hypomethylated. Major Repeat Sequences, a class of tandem repeats, are assembled into an intermediate chromatin state bearing features of both euchromatin and heterochromatin. Marker gene silencing assays and genome-wide RNA sequencing reveals that C. albicans heterochromatin represses expression of repeat-associated coding and non-coding RNAs. We find that telomeric heterochromatin is dynamic and remodelled upon an environmental change. Weak heterochromatin is associated with telomeres at 30?°C, while robust heterochromatin is assembled over these regions at 39?°C, a temperature mimicking moderate fever in the host. Thus in C. albicans, differential chromatin states controls gene expression and epigenetic plasticity is linked to adaptation

Handpicking epigenetic marks with PHD fingers

Plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers have emerged as one of the largest families of epigenetic effectors capable of recognizing or ‘reading’ post-translational histone modifications and unmodified histone tails. These interactions are highly specific and can be modulated by the neighboring epigenetic marks and adjacent effectors. A few PHD fingers have recently been found to also associate with non-histone proteins. In this review, we detail the molecular mechanisms and biological outcomes of the histone and non-histone targeting by PHD fingers. We discuss the significance of crosstalk between the histone modifications and consequences of combinatorial readout for selective recruitment of the PHD finger-containing components of chromatin remodeling and transcriptional complexes

Differential regulation of lineage commitment in human and mouse primed pluripotent stem cells by the nucleosome remodelling and deacetylation complex.

Differentiation of mammalian pluripotent cells involves large-scale changes in transcription and, among the molecules that orchestrate these changes, chromatin remodellers are essential to initiate, establish and maintain a new gene regulatory network. The Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylation (NuRD) complex is a highly conserved chromatin remodeller which fine-tunes gene expression in embryonic stem cells. While the function of NuRD in mouse pluripotent cells has been well defined, no study yet has defined NuRD function in human pluripotent cells. Here we find that while NuRD activity is required for lineage commitment from primed pluripotency in both human and mouse cells, the nature of this requirement is surprisingly different. While mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and epiblast stem cells (mEpiSC) require NuRD to maintain an appropriate differentiation trajectory as judged by gene expression profiling, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) lacking NuRD fail to even initiate these trajectories. Further, while NuRD activity is dispensable for self-renewal of mESCs and mEpiSCs, hiPSCs require NuRD to maintain a stable self-renewing state. These studies reveal that failure to properly fine-tune gene expression and/or to reduce transcriptional noise through the action of a highly conserved chromatin remodeller can have different consequences in human and mouse pluripotent stem cells

The transcription of bradyzoite genes in Toxoplasma gondii is controlled by autonomous promoter elements

Experimental evidence suggests that apicomplexan parasites possess bipartite promoters with basal and regulated cis-elements similar to other eukaryotes. Using a dual luciferase model adapted for recombinational cloning and use in Toxoplasma gondii, we show that genomic regions flanking 16 parasite genes, which encompass examples of constitutive and tachyzoite- and bradyzoite-specific genes, are able to reproduce the appropriate developmental stage expression in a transient luciferase assay. Mapping of cis-acting elements in several bradyzoite promoters led to the identification of short sequence spans that are involved in control of bradyzoite gene expression in multiple strains and under different bradyzoite induction conditions. Promoters that regulate the heat shock protein BAG1 and a novel bradyzoite-specific NTPase during bradyzoite development were fine mapped to a 6–8 bp resolution and these minimal cis-elements were capable of converting a constitutive promoter to one that is induced by bradyzoite conditions. Gel-shift experiments show that mapped cis-elements are bound by parasite protein factors with the appropriate functional sequence specificity. These studies are the first to identify the minimal sequence elements that are required and sufficient for bradyzoite gene expression and to show that bradyzoite promoters are maintained in a ‘poised’ chromatin state throughout the intermediate host life cycle in low passage strains. Together, these data demonstrate that conventional eukaryotic promoter mechanisms work with epigenetic processes to regulate developmental gene expression during tissue cyst formation

Toxoplasma gondii Lysine Acetyltransferase GCN5-A Functions in the Cellular Response to Alkaline Stress and Expression of Cyst Genes

Parasitic protozoa such as the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii progress through their life cycle in response to stimuli in the environment or host organism. Very little is known about how proliferating tachyzoites reprogram their expressed genome in response to stresses that prompt development into latent bradyzoite cysts. We have previously linked histone acetylation with the expression of stage-specific genes, but the factors involved remain to be determined. We sought to determine if GCN5, which operates as a transcriptional co-activator by virtue of its histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, contributed to stress-induced changes in gene expression in Toxoplasma. In contrast to other lower eukaryotes, Toxoplasma has duplicated its GCN5 lysine acetyltransferase (KAT). Disruption of the gene encoding for TgGCN5-A in type I RH strain did not produce a severe phenotype under normal culture conditions, but here we show that the TgGCN5-A null mutant is deficient in responding to alkaline pH, a common stress used to induce bradyzoite differentiation in vitro. We performed a genome-wide analysis of the Toxoplasma transcriptional response to alkaline pH stress, finding that parasites deleted for TgGCN5-A fail to up-regulate 74% of the stress response genes that are induced 2-fold or more in wild-type. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we verify an enrichment of TgGCN5-A at the upstream regions of genes activated by alkaline pH exposure. The TgGCN5-A knockout is also incapable of up-regulating key marker genes expressed during development of the latent cyst form, and is impaired in its ability to recover from alkaline stress. Complementation of the TgGCN5-A knockout restores the expression of these stress-induced genes and reverses the stress recovery defect. These results establish TgGCN5-A as a major contributor to the alkaline stress response in RH strain Toxoplasma