Endohelmintos parásitos en los peces nativos Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842) y Basilichthys australis Eigenmann, 1928 en el lago Pullinque, Chile

The purpose of the study was to identify the endohelminths of the native fish Galaxias maculatus and Basilichthys australis in Lake Pullinque Chile, determine their prevalence, mean intensity, mean abundance, their zoonotic potential, describe new taxa for Chile, and evaluate the potential histopathological changes in parasitized samples of intestine of B. australis. Trematodes (Steganoderma szidati, Acanthostomoides apophalliformis, Tylodelphys sp, Posthodiplostomum sp) nematodes (Contracaecum sp, Camallanus corderoi and Eustrongylides sp) and the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus tumescens was reported in G. maculatus. Tylodelphys sp presented the highest prevalence (97%) and mean abundance (21.1), while Posthodiplostomum sp showed the highest mean intensity (33.5). Trematodes (Limnoderetrema tolosai, Austrodiplostomum mordax and Tylodelphys destructor) and nematodes (Contracaecum sp, Hysterothylacium geschei and C. corderoi) were identified in B. australis. The highest prevalence (100%), mean intensity (71.9) and mean abundance (71.9) corresponded to L. tolosai. The histopathological study in B. australis showed adults of L. tolosai adhered to the surface of the intestinal mucosa, damaging the epithelium of the villi, and larvae of Contracaecum sp encapsulated and associated with mild congestion and few mononuclear cells in the connective tissue of the submucosa. All taxa were recorded for the first time in fish from Lake Pullinque. Eustrongylides sp and S. szidati were described for the first time in Chile being ustrongylides sp the only potentially zoonotic taxon.El propósito del estudio fue identificar los endohelmintos de los peces nativos Galaxias maculatus y Basilichthys australis en el lago Pullinque, Chile, determinar su prevalencia, intensidad media, abundancia media, su potencial zoonótico, describir los taxones nuevos para Chile y evaluar potenciales cambios histopatológicos en muestras parasitadas de intestino de B. australis. En G. maculatus se reportaron trematodos (Steganoderma szidati, Acanthostomoides apophalliformis, Tylodelphys sp, Posthodiplostomum sp), nematodos (Contracaecum sp, Camallanus corderoi y Eustrongylides sp) y el acantocéfalo Acanthocephalus tumescens. Tylodelphys sp presentó la mayor prevalencia (97%) y abundancia media (21.1), mientras que Posthodiplostomum sp mostró la mayor intensidad media (33.5). En B. australis se identificaron trematodos (Limnoderetrema tolosai, Austrodiplostomum mordax y Tylodelphys destructor) y nematodos (Contracaecum sp, Hysterothylacium geschei y C. corderoi). La mayor prevalencia (100%), intensidad media (71.9) y abundancia media (71.9) correspondieron a L. tolosai. El estudio histopatológico en B. australis mostró adultos de L. tolosai adheridos a la superficie de la mucosa intestinal, dañando el epitelio de las vellosidades, y larvas de Contracaecum sp encapsuladas y asociadas a una leve congestión y escasas células mononucleares en el tejido conectivo de la submucosa. Todos los taxones fueron registrados por primera vez en peces del lago Pullinque. Eustrongylides sp y S. szidati fueron descritas por primera vez en Chile, siendo Eustrongylides sp. el único taxón potencialmente zoonótico

Blastocystosis y otras infecciones intestinales por parásitos eucarióticos en Gallus gallus domesticus en localidades del sur de Chile

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the presence and prevalence of blastocystosis, a zoonosis caused by Blastocystis sp in free-range hens in homes of different localities in southern Chile, simultaneously verify human infection in at least one locality, and identify other infections by intestinal parasites in birds. Fresh fecal samples from hens and humans were collected and preserved in PAF fixative and processed by the PAFS method combined with a flotation phase with zinc sulfate solution. Blastocystis sp was detected in half of the homes and the average prevalence was 14.2% in the total of localities being greater in the rural area and in the locality of Teupa (p<0.05). The prevalence in humans was higher than in hens in the town of Ñancul (p<0.05), where the parasite was present in both hosts in 4 of 7 households. The prevalence of infection by Entamoeba gallinarum and the presence of Toxocara spp eggs was similar between localities, but the prevalences of Eimeria spp, Capillariidae gen. spp and Heterakis gallinarum / Ascaridia galli showed differences between localities (p<0.05). Only in Valdivia were observed samples with eggs of Trichostrongylidae gen. spp. The presence of blastocystosis in chicken was detected for the first time in Chile, suggesting its potential transmission to humans. The presence of Toxocara spp eggs in bird faeces suggests that they could act as environmental dispersers.El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la presencia y prevalencia de blastocystosis, zoonosis causada por Blastocystis sp, en gallinas criadas libremente en domicilios de localidades del sur de Chile. Las muestras de heces frescas de aves y humanos fueron colectadas con el fijador PAF y procesadas mediante el método del PAFS combinado con una fase de flotación con solución de sulfato de zinc. En la mitad de los domicilios se detectó Blastocystis sp en las aves con una prevalencia promedio de 14.2%, siendo mayor en la zona rural y en la localidad de Teupa (p<0.05). La prevalencia en humanos fue mayor que en las gallinas de la localidad de Ñancul (p<0.05), donde el parásito estuvo presente en ambos hospederos en 4 de 7 domicilios. La prevalencia de infección por Entamoeba gallinarum y presencia de huevos de Toxocara spp fue similar entre localidades, pero las prevalencias de Eimeria spp, Capillariidae gen. spp y Heterakis gallinarum / Ascaridia galli mostraron diferencias entre localidades (p<0.05). Solo en Valdivia se registraron muestras con huevos de Trichostrongylidae gen. spp. La presencia de blastocystosis en gallinas se detecta por primera vez en Chile sugiriéndose su potencial trasmisión hacia los humanos. La presencia de huevos de Toxocara spp en las heces de las aves sugiere que estas podrían actuar como dispersores ambientales

Biological Activities of Polyphenols from Grapes

The dietary consumption of grape and its products is associated with a lower incidence of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. Most recent interest has focused on the bioactive phenolic compounds in grape. Anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and resveratrol are the most important grape polyphenols because they possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammation, antiaging and antimicrobial properties. This review summarizes current knowledge on the bioactivities of grape phenolics. The extraction, isolation and identification methods of polyphenols from grape as well as their bioavailability and potential toxicity also are included

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) Mexico and comparison with KEEP US

Carso Health Institute; Fundacion Carlos Slim; Polanco Laboratories; Genzyme Corporation; Grupo Roche Syntex de Mexico; Hemocue (a Quest Diagnostics Company); Beckman Coulter de Mexico; Bio-Ra