La crisis del fútbol ecuatoriano

El fútbol mundial y local cada vez moviliza más recursos. Se estima que los equipos europeos actualmente reciben ingresos cercanos a USD 23 mil millones al año, con un crecimiento del 5,6% anual en los últimos 5 años. En el caso del fútbol ecuatoriano, los equipos estiman gastar USD 54 millones en 2013, 8% más respecto al año pasado. Desde el punto de vista deportivo, los resultados alcanzados por el fútbol ecuatoriano en esta última década son los mejores de su historia. Sin embargo, la mayoría delos equipos atraviesan serias dificultades financieras. Ocho de los doce equipos de la Serie A suman deudas de alrededor de USD 33 millones. Las dificultades de los clubes ecuatorianos no son ajenas a los equipos del resto del mundo. La deuda de los equipos ingleses supera los USD 4 mil millones.Esta crisis financiera de los equipos radica en la estructura organizativa de las ligas de fútbol, que, desde inicios de la profesionalización, se diseñaron bajo la premisa de que los clubes no debían perseguir fines de lucro. Con el objeto de comprender mejor el origen y causas de la crisis del fútbol nacional, a continuación se repasa brevemente el inicio y evolución de la profesionalización del fútbol a nivel mundial y local. Posteriormente se expone el estado actual de las finanzas de los equipos ecuatorianos. Finalmente se presentan las dos relaciones fundamentales que rigen la industria de los clubes de fútbol producto de la estructura de las ligas, y que explican la crisis.El fútbol mundial y local cada vez moviliza más recursos. Se estima que los equipos europeos actualmente reciben ingresos cercanos a USD 23 mil millones al año, con un crecimiento del 5,6% anual en los últimos 5 años. En el caso del fútbol ecuatoriano, los equipos estiman gastar USD 54 millones en 2013, 8% más respecto al año pasado. Desde el punto de vista deportivo, los resultados alcanzados por el fútbol ecuatoriano en esta última década son los mejores de su historia. Sin embargo, la mayoría delos equipos atraviesan serias dificultades financieras. Ocho de los doce equipos de la Serie A suman deudas de alrededor de USD 33 millones. Las dificultades de los clubes ecuatorianos no son ajenas a los equipos del resto del mundo. La deuda de los equipos ingleses supera los USD 4 mil millones.Esta crisis financiera de los equipos radica en la estructura organizativa de las ligas de fútbol, que, desde inicios de la profesionalización, se diseñaron bajo la premisa de que los clubes no debían perseguir fines de lucro. Con el objeto de comprender mejor el origen y causas de la crisis del fútbol nacional, a continuación se repasa brevemente el inicio y evolución de la profesionalización del fútbol a nivel mundial y local. Posteriormente se expone el estado actual de las finanzas de los equipos ecuatorianos. Finalmente se presentan las dos relaciones fundamentales que rigen la industria de los clubes de fútbol producto de la estructura de las ligas, y que explican la crisis

Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E<inf>2</inf> signaling through prostaglandin receptor EP- 2 favor the development of myocarditis during acute trypanosoma cruzi infection

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Prostanoids are regulators of homeostasis and inflammation and are produced mainly by myeloid cells, being cyclooxygenases, COX-1 and COX-2, the key enzymes in their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid (AA). Here, we have investigated the expression of enzymes involved in AA metabolism during T. cruzi infection. Our results show an increase in the expression of several of these enzymes in acute T. cruzi infected heart. Interestingly, COX-2 was expressed by CD68+ myeloid heart-infiltrating cells. In addition, infiltrating myeloid CD11b+Ly6G- cells purified from infected heart tissue express COX-2 and produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) ex vivo. T. cruzi infections in COX-2 or PGE2- dependent prostaglandin receptor EP-2 deficient mice indicate that both, COX-2 and EP-2 signaling contribute significantly to the heart leukocyte infiltration and to the release of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in the heart of T. cruzi infected mice. In conclusion, COX-2 plays a detrimental role in acute Chagas disease myocarditis and points to COX-2 as a potential target for immune intervention.This work was supported by (NG) grants from “Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias” (PS09/00538 and PI12/00289); “Universidad Autónoma de Madrid” and “Comunidad de Madrid” (CC08-UAM/SAL-4440/08); by (MF) grants from “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (SAF2010-17833); “Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales” (RICET RD12/0018/0004); European Union (HEALTH-FE-2008-22303, ChagasEpiNet); AECID Cooperation with Argentine (A/025417/09 and A/031735/10), Comunidad de Madrid (S-2010/BMD- 2332) and “Fundación Ramón Areces”. NAG was recipient of a ISCIII Ph.D. fellowship financed by the Spanish “Ministerio de Sanidad”. CCM and HC were recipients of contracts from SAF2010-17833 and PI060388, respectively.Peer Reviewe

Dios, ser humano, mundo : entre la filosofía y la teología

Dios, ser humano y mundo son los tres grandes temas del pensamiento occidental. Estas tres ideas no constituyen solamente el objeto de las metafísicas especiales, sino que también conforman el núcleo problemático de la teología; aunque los acentos y enfoques varíen entre los diversos abordajes. Esto es así pues Dios, ser humano y mundo, en sus relaciones múltiples, plantean las cuestiones fundamentales que desvelan, condicionan y transforman nuestra existencia: la existencia de un ser humano en el mundo ante Dios o ante su ausencia. La tradición del pensamiento occidental, en sus diversas vertientes, ha intentado pensar esta compleja articulación hasta nuestros días. Este libro busca abordar de forma interdisciplinaria estas problemáticas comunes a la filosofía y a la teología desde un diálogo abierto entre los dos saberes, buscando encontrar aquellas convergencias y divergencias que permitan enriquecer sus propuestas en virtud de su responsabilidad teórica y práctica.Libros de Cátedr

PTP1B Dephosphorylates N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor and Elicits SNARE Complex Disassembly during Human Sperm Exocytosis*

The reversible phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues in proteins is a cornerstone of the signaling pathways that regulate numerous cellular responses. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is controlled through the concerted actions of protein-tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. The goal of the present study was to unveil the mechanisms by which protein tyrosine dephosphorylation modulates secretion. The acrosome reaction, a specialized type of regulated exocytosis undergone by sperm, is initiated by calcium and carried out by a number of players, including tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, and fusion-related proteins such as Rab3A, α-SNAP, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), SNAREs, complexin, and synaptotagmin VI. We report here that inducers were unable to elicit the acrosome reaction when permeabilized human sperm were loaded with anti-PTP1B antibodies or with the dominant-negative mutant PTP1B D181A; subsequent introduction of wild type PTP1B or NSF rescued exocytosis. Wild type PTP1B, but not PTP1B D181A, caused cis SNARE complex dissociation during the acrosome reaction through a mechanism involving NSF. Unlike its non-phosphorylated counterpart, recombinant phospho-NSF failed to dissociate SNARE complexes from rat brain membranes. These results strengthen our previous observation that NSF activity is regulated rather than constitutive during sperm exocytosis and indicate that NSF must be dephosphorylated by PTP1B to disassemble SNARE complexes. Interestingly, phospho-NSF served as a substrate for PTP1B in an in vitro assay. Our findings demonstrate that phosphorylation of NSF on tyrosine residues prevents its SNARE complex dissociation activity and establish for the first time a role for PTP1B in the modulation of the membrane fusion machinery

Dung removal increases under higher dung beetle functional diversity regardless of grazing intensification

Dung removal by macrofauna such as dung beetles is an important process for nutrient cycling in pasturelands. Intensification of farming practices generally reduces species and functional diversity of terrestrial invertebrates, which may negatively affect ecosystem services. Here, we investigate the effects of cattle-grazing intensification on dung removal by dung beetles in field experiments replicated in 38 pastures around the world. Within each study site, we measured dung removal in pastures managed with low- and high-intensity regimes to assess between-regime differences in dung beetle diversity and dung removal, whilst also considering climate and regional variations. The impacts of intensification were heterogeneous, either diminishing or increasing dung beetle species richness, functional diversity, and dung removal rates. The effects of beetle diversity on dung removal were more variable across sites than within sites. Dung removal increased with species richness across sites, while functional diversity consistently enhanced dung removal within sites, independently of cattle grazing intensity or climate. Our findings indicate that, despite intensified cattle stocking rates, ecosystem services related to decomposition and nutrient cycling can be maintained when a functionally diverse dung beetle community inhabits the human-modified landscape.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genetic variability and evolutionary analysis of parietaria mottle virus: role of selection and genetic exchange

[EN] The genetic variability and evolution of parietaria mottle virus (PMoV) of the genus Ilarvirus was studied by analyzing nucleotide sequences of 2b and CP genes from isolates collected in different countries. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PMoV isolates clustered in different clades: one (clade I) composed of only Italian isolates and three clades (clades II-IV) including the Spanish isolates. The Greek isolate GrT-1 used in this study was in clade IV for the CP phylogenetic tree whereas it formed a separate branch in the 2b phylogenetic tree. The nucleotide sequence diversity of both the 2b and CP genes was low (0.062 +/- A 0.006 and 0.063 +/- A 0.006 for 2b and CP, respectively) but higher than those of other ilarviruses. Distribution of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions revealed that 2b and CP proteins are under purifying selection, with some positions under diversifying selection. Genetic exchange among Spanish isolates was also detected.This work was supported in part by the INIA project RTA2006-00024-C02-01. We thank Dr. C. Varvery (BPI, Kiphissia, Athens, Greece) and Dr. A.M. Vaira (IVV-CNR, Torino, Italy), Dionisio Berra (Laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal de Guipuzkoa, Spain), Egoitz Mendia (Laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal de Vizkaia, Spain), Diego Olmos (Laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal de Baleares, Spain) and Teodora Tornos (Laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal de Cataluna, Spain) for providing PMoV isolates. We thank Dr. Leonardo Velasco and Nuria Duran for excellent revision of this manuscript.Galipienso-Torregrosa, L.; Martínez, C.; Wilemsen, A.; Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Font San Ambrosio, MI.; Davino, S.; Rubio, L. (2015). Genetic variability and evolutionary analysis of parietaria mottle virus: role of selection and genetic exchange. 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Dung removal increases under higher dung beetle functional diversity regardless of grazing intensification

Dung removal by macrofauna such as dung beetles is an important process for nutrient cycling in pasturelands. Intensification of farming practices generally reduces species and functional diversity of terrestrial invertebrates, which may negatively affect ecosystem services. Here, we investigate the effects of cattle-grazing intensification on dung removal by dung beetles in field experiments replicated in 38 pastures around the world. Within each study site, we measured dung removal in pastures managed with low- and high-intensity regimes to assess between-regime differences in dung beetle diversity and dung removal, whilst also considering climate and regional variations. The impacts of intensification were heterogeneous, either diminishing or increasing dung beetle species richness, functional diversity, and dung removal rates. The effects of beetle diversity on dung removal were more variable across sites than within sites. Dung removal increased with species richness across sites, while functional diversity consistently enhanced dung removal within sites, independently of cattle grazing intensity or climate. Our findings indicate that, despite intensified cattle stocking rates, ecosystem services related to decomposition and nutrient cycling can be maintained when a functionally diverse dung beetle community inhabits the human-modified landscape

Dung removal increases under higher dung beetle functional diversity regardless of grazing intensification

Dung removal by macrofauna such as dung beetles is an important process for nutrient cycling in pasturelands. Intensification of farming practices generally reduces species and functional diversity of terrestrial invertebrates, which may negatively affect ecosystem services. Here, we investigate the effects of cattle-grazing intensification on dung removal by dung beetles in field experiments replicated in 38 pastures around the world. Within each study site, we measured dung removal in pastures managed with low- and high-intensity regimes to assess between-regime differences in dung beetle diversity and dung removal, whilst also considering climate and regional variations. The impacts of intensification were heterogeneous, either diminishing or increasing dung beetle species richness, functional diversity, and dung removal rates. The effects of beetle diversity on dung removal were more variable across sites than within sites. Dung removal increased with species richness across sites, while functional diversity consistently enhanced dung removal within sites, independently of cattle grazing intensity or climate. Our findings indicate that, despite intensified cattle stocking rates, ecosystem services related to decomposition and nutrient cycling can be maintained when a functionally diverse dung beetle community inhabits the human-modified landscape