Efetividade de protocolos de treinamento combinado periodizado e não periodizado sobre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, força muscular e composição corporal de adultos com obesidade: ensaio clínico randomizado

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Florianópolis, 2019.A obesidade é uma doença com consequências negativas na aptidão física relacionada à saúde. Dentre as estratégias de tratamento por exercício, o treinamento combinado (aeróbio e força) demonstra ser mais efetivo no quadro geral de saúde. Contudo, há uma lacuna sobre os efeitos da periodização deste modelo de treinamento na aptidão física relacionada à saúde de indivíduos com obesidade. Assim, objetivou-se verificar os efeitos de dois protocolos de treinamento combinado, um não periodizado e outro com periodização linear, sobre a composição corporal, força muscular, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e flexibilidade de adultos com obesidade. Para isto, conduziu-se um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado, com 16 semanas de treinamento combinado em três sessões semanais. 69 participantes foram randomizados em grupo controle (GC, n=23), grupo não periodizado (GN, n=23) e grupo com periodização linear (GP, n=23). O treinamento combinado consistiu de aeróbio (40-69% da frequência cardíaca reserva [FCres]) em pista de atletismo seguido de treino de força (2 séries de 8-14 repetições máximas [RMs]) em sala de musculação com ajustes na intensidade a cada mesociclo de cinco semanas. O GN treinou com intensidade relativa fixa (50-59% da FCres e 10-12 RMs) enquanto que o GP realizou o treinamento com progressão linear em intensidade (mesociclo 1 [40-49% da FCres e 12-14 RMs], mesociclo 2 [50-59% da FCres e 10-12 RMs], mesociclo 3 [60-69% da FCres e 8-10 RMs]). A composição corporal foi avaliada com análise de biompedância elétrica. A força muscular de membros superiores e inferiores foi obtida pelo teste de 1-RM. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi mensurada com teste em esteira até a exaustão voluntária e analisador de gases respiração-à-respiração. A flexibilidade foi aferida com o teste ?sentar e alcançar?. Também foi avaliado o IMC e perimetrias de cintura, quadril e as relações cintura-quadril e cintura-estatura. Empregou-se o teste t de student para amostras independentes, ANOVA oneway e análise por equações de estimativas generalizadas por protocolo (PP) e por intenção de tratar (ITT), complementada pelo post-hoc de Bonferroni. A significância adotada foi de pAbstract : Obesity is a disease with negative consequences on health-related physical fitness. Among the treatment strategies per exercise, combined training (aerobic and strength) shows to be more effective in the general health state. However, there is a gap on the effects of the periodization of this training model on the physical fitness related to the health of individuals with obesity. Thus, the objective was to verify the effects of two combined training protocols, one non-periodized and one with linear periodization, on body composition, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and flexibility of adults with obesity. For this, a randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted, with 16 weeks of combined training in three weekly sessions. Sixty-nine participants were randomized to control group (CG, n=23), non-periodized group (NG, n=23) and linear periodization group (PG, n=23). The combined training consisted of aerobic training (40-69% of heart rate reserve [HRR]) in an athletic track followed by strength training (2 sets of 8-14 maximal repetitions [MR]) in a weight room with intensity adjustments every mesocycle of five weeks. The NG trained with fixed relative intensity (50-59% of HRR and 10-12 RMs) while the PG performed the training with linear progression in intensity (mesocycle 1 [40-49% of HRR and 12-14 MR], mesocycle 2 [50-59% of HRR and 10-12 MR], mesocycle 3 [60-69% of HRR and 8-10 MR]). The body composition was evaluated with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Muscle strength of upper and lower limbs was obtained by the 1-RM test. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with treadmill test until voluntary exhaustion and breath-by-breath gas analyzer. Flexibility was measured with the sit-and-reach test. We also assessed BMI and waist and hip circunferences, and waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio. Student's t-test for independent samples, ANOVA oneway and analysis by equations of generalized estimates by protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT), complemented by Bonferroni's post-hoc were used. The significance was set at p<0.05. After 16 weeks, the body mass increased in the CG (PP: ?=1.6; p<0.01) and reduced in the PG (ITT: ?=-8.0; p=0.04) without significant changes for the other measures of body composition. Upper limb strength increased in both groups by PP analysis (GN: ?=5.8; GP: ?=4.8; p<0.01) and lower limb strength increased in all groups by PP analysis (CG: ?=14.8; NG: ?=33.1; PG: ?=29.3; p=0.04). There were no significant changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (PP: p=0.50; ITT: p=0.41) and flexibility (PP: p=0.38; ITT: p=0.31) after the intervention. The BMI increased in the CG (?=0.5) and reduced in the PG (?=-0.6) by the PP analysis (p<0.01) whereas the waist circumference reduced only in NG (?=-3,8) by ITT analysis (p=0.03), without differences in the other perimetry variables. In conclusion, 16 weeks of non-periodized and periodized combined training promoted changes in components of health-related physical fitness, with no difference between the proposed periodizations

New lichen fungi from a small fragment of the vanishing Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil

In the frame of an ongoing lichen inventory of Atlantic Rainforest remnants in Northeast Brazil, five new species of Graphidaceae were discovered in a small forest fragment, Mata do Cipó, in Sergipe state, the smallest state of Brazil and among those with the highest deforestation rate in the country. An additional new species had already been collected in Panama before and was now also found in the Mata do Cipó and is described here as well. In total, 40 species of Graphidaceae are reported for this remnant, including a large number of taxa indicative of well-preserved rainforest. The new species are: Fissurina atlantica T.A. Pereira, M. Cáceres & Lücking, sp. nov., Graphis subaltamirensis Passos, M. Cáceres & Lücking, sp. nov., Ocellularia cipoensis L.A. Santos, M. Cáceres & Lücking, sp. nov., O. sosma T.A. Pereira, M. Cáceres & Lücking, sp. nov., O. submordenii Lücking, sp. nov. (also known from Panama), and Pseudochapsa aptrootiana M. Cáceres, T.A. Pereira & Lücking, sp. nov. The findings are discussed in the context of the strong fragmentation of the Atlantic Rainforest, with individual remnants apparently serving as refugia for residual populations of rare species of lichen fungi that were more widely distributed in the past, but currently seem to occur only in isolated fragments

Fasting aerobic exercise: professional prescription and opinion, and its practice by students of bodybuilding academies

Os objetivos do estudo foram investigar as prevalências da prescriçãoe interpretação profissional e da prática de exercício aeróbio em jejum por alunos praticantes de musculação, bem como, comparar o conhecimento de professores e alunos sobre os potenciais benefícios e riscos desta. Na comparação empregou-se o teste exato de Fischer. Participaram do estudo 110 alunos e 8 professores. Não houve relato de prescrição, enquanto a prática atual de exercício aeróbio em jejum foi de 16,4%. O principal objetivo relatado para a prática foi o emagrecimento. Nos benefícios, os professores relataram em maior proporção que o aeróbio em jejum pode promover melhoria da saúde, mas também reconheceram que a prática pode trazer malefícios à saúde. A divergência entre prevalência de prescrição profissional e prática do exercício aeróbio em jejum sinalizam um provável desconhecimento dos professores acerca da forma como os exercícios aeróbios estão sendo praticados por alunos em academias de musculação. Ademais, o conhecimento dos professores sobre os potenciais riscos dessa prática precisa alcançar seus alunos, objetivando informá-los da possibilidade de eventos indesejáveis à saúde.The aims were to investigate the prevalence of professional prescribing and interpretation the practice of fasting aerobic exercise by muscle training practitioners, and to compare the knowledge of teachers and practitioners about the potential benefits and risks of this practice. In the comparison, Fischer exact test was used. 110 practitioners and 8 teachers participated in the study. There was no report of prescription, while the prevalence of the current practice of fasting aerobic exercise was 16.4%. The main aim reported for practice was weight loss. With regard to the benefits, teachers reported in greater proportion that fasting aerobic exercise may promote health improvement. The divergence between the prevalence of professional prescribing and the practice of fasting aerobic exercise signals a probable lack of knowledge of the teachers about the way aerobic exercises are practised by practitioners in fitness centers. In addition, the knowledge of teachers about the potential risks of this practice needs to reach the practitioners of resistance training with the aim of informing them about the possibility of undesirable health events.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Progression of mitral regurgitation in rheumatic valve disease : role of left atrial remodeling

Introduction: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common valve abnormality in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) often associated with stenosis. Although the mechanism by which MR develops in RHD is primary, longstanding volume overload with left atrial (LA) remodeling may trigger the development of secondary MR, which can impact on the overall progression of MR. This study is aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of MR progression in patients with RHD. Methods: Consecutive RHD patients with non-severe MR associated with any degree of mitral stenosis were selected. The primary endpoint was a progression of MR, which was defined as an increase of one grade in MR severity from baseline to the last follow-up echocardiogram. The risk of MR progression was estimated accounting for competing risks. Results: The study included 539 patients, age of 46.2 ± 12 years and 83% were women. At a mean follow-up time of 4.2 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.2–6.9 years), 54 patients (10%) displayed MR progression with an overall incidence of 2.4 per 100 patient-years. Predictors of MR progression by the Cox model were age (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.541, 95% CI 1.222–1.944), and LA volume (HR 1.137, 95% CI 1.054–1.226). By considering competing risk analysis, the direction of the association was similar for the rate (Cox model) and incidence (Fine-Gray model) of MR progression. In the model with LA volume, atrial fibrillation (AF) was no longer a predictor of MR progression. In the subgroup of patients in sinus rhythm, 59 had an onset of AF during follow-up, which was associated with progression of MR (HR 2.682; 95% CI 1.133–6.350). Conclusions: In RHD patients with a full spectrum of MR severity, progression of MR occurs over time is predicted by age and LA volume. LA enlargement may play a role in the link between primary MR and secondary MR in patients with RHD

Technical Design Report - TDR CYGNO-04/INITIUM

The aim of this Technical Design Report is to illustrate the technological choices foreseen to be implemented in the construction of the CYGNO-04 demonstrator, motivate them against the experiment physics goals of CYGNO-30 and demonstrate the financial sustainability of the project. CYGNO-04 represents PHASE 1 of the long term CYGNO roadmap, towards the development of large high precision tracking gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) for directional Dark Matter searches and solar neutrino spectroscopy. The CYGNO project1 peculiarities reside in the optical readout of the light produced during the amplification of the primary ionization electrons in a stack of triple Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs), thanks to the nice scintillation properties of the chosen He:CF4 gas mixture. To this aim, CYGNO is exploiting the fast progress in commercial scientific Active Pixel Sensors (APS) development for highly performing sCMOS cameras, whose high granularity and sensitivity allow to significantly boost tracking, improve particle identification and lower the energy threshold. The X-Y track project obtained from the reconstruction of the sCMOS images is combined with a PMT measurement to obtain a full 3D track reconstruction. In addition, several synergic R&Ds based on the CYGNO experimental approach are under development in the CYGNO collaboration (see Sec 2) to further enhance the light yield by means of electro luminescence after the amplification stage, to improve the tracking performances by exploiting negative ion drift operation within the INITIUM ERC Consolidator Grant, and to boost the sensitivity to O(GeV) Dark Matter masses by employing hydrogen rich target towards the development of PHASE 2 (see Sec. 1.2). While still under optimization and subject to possible significant improvements, the CYGNO experimental approach performances and capabilities demonstrated so far with prototypes allow to foresee the development of an O(30) m3 experiment by 2026 for a cost of O(10) MEUROs. A CYGNO-30 experiment would be able to give a significant contribution to the search and study of Dark Matter with masses below 10 GeV/c2 for both SI and SD coupling. In case of a Dark Matter observation claim by other experiments, the information provided by a directional detector such as CYGNO would be fundamental to positively confirm the galactic origin of the allegedly detected Dark Matter signal. CYGNO-30 could furthermore provide the first directional measurement of solar neutrinos from the pp chain, possibly extending to lower energies the Borexino measurement2. In order to reach this goal, the CYGNO project is proceeding through a staged approach. The PHASE 0 50 L detector (LIME, recently installed underground LNGS) will validate the full performances of the optical readout via APS commercial cameras and PMTs and the Montecarlo simulation of the expected backgrounds. The full CYGNO-04 demonstrator will be realized with all the technological and material choices foreseen for CYGNO-30, to demonstrate the scalability of the experimental approach and the potentialities of the large PHASE 2 detector to reach the expected physics goals. The first PHASE 1 design anticipated a 1 m3 active volume detector with two back-to-back TPCs with a central cathode and 500 mm drift length. Each 1 m2 readout area would have been composed by 9 + 9 readout modules having the LIME PHASE 0 dimensions and layout. Time (end of INITIUM project by March 2025) and current space availability at underground LNGS (only Hall F) forced the rescaling of the PHASE 1 active volume and design to a 0.4 m3, hence CYGNO-04. CYGNO-04 will keep the back-to-back double TPC layout with 500 mm drift length each, but with an 800 x 500 mm2 readout area covered by a 2 + 2 modules based on LIME design. The reduction of the detector volume has no impact on the technological objectives of PHASE 1, since the modular design with central cathode, detector materials and shieldings and auxiliary systems are independent of the total volume. The physics reach (which is a byproduct of PHASE 1 and NOT an explicit goal) will be only very partially reduced (less than a factor 2 overall) since a smaller detector volume implies also a reduced background from internal materials radioactivity. In addition, the cost reduction of CYGNO-04 of about 1⁄3 with respect to CYGNO-1 illustrated in the CDR effectively makes the overall project more financially sustainable (see CBS in the last section). In summary this document will explain: the physical motivation of the CYGNO project and the technical motivations of the downscale of the PHASE 1 to CYGNO-04, 400 liters of active volume, with respect to the demonstrator presented in the CDR; the results of R&D and the Montecarlo expectations for PHASE 0; the technical choices, procedures and the executive drawings of CYGNO-04 in the Hall F of the LNGS; safety evaluations and the interference/request to the LNGS services; Project management, WBS/WBC, WP, GANTT, ec

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery