The defence of insanity in the International Criminal Court Statute and its possible application in the case against Dominic Ongwgen

La Corte Penal Internacional busca juzgar a los responsables de graves violaciones del derecho penal internacional según su grado de responsabilidad. Evidencia de esto es la persecución y juzgamiento de Señor Dominic Ongwen, uno de los cuatro lugartenientes del Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA), por los crímenes de intento de asesinato, tortura, tratos crueles, actos inhumanos, esclavitud, atentados contra la dignidad personal, saqueo, destrucción de la propiedad y persecución entre otros. Esta situación se configura dentro de un interesante contexto, pues Dominic Ongwen fue abducido a los 10 años de edad por el grupo del cual fue lugarteniente hasta antes de su captura. En razón de lo anterior, la defensa del acusado ha alegado la incapacidad mental como una de las causales eximentes de responsabilidad penal (además del estado de necesidad), de acuerdo a lo consagrado en el Articulo 31 (1)(a) del Estatuto de Roma. Esta defensa se basa en dos elementos que deben probarse; (i) la existencia de una enfermedad o deficiencia mental; y (ii) que dicha enfermedad o deficiencia tenga tales características que lo priven (destruyan) al momento de cometer el hecho ilícito de: (a) su capacidad para apreciar la naturaleza o ilicitud de la conducta; o (b) controlar esa conducta a fin de no transgredir la Ley.Dominic Ongwen - one of the four Lieutenants of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) -, currently is being prosecuted by the ICC for crimes against humanity and war crimes, including attempted murder, torture, cruel treatment, inhumane acts, slavery, attacks against personal dignity, looting, destruction of property and persecution. Due to the fact that Dominic Ongwen was abducted and subjected to a brutal training at the age of ten (10) by the group of which he later became, until his detention, a Lieutenant (the highest position in the LRA below the Commander-in-Chief Joseph Kony), the Defense has alleged, pursuant to article 31(1)(a) of the ICC Statute, the defense of mental insanity. Article 31(1)(a) of the ICC Statute provides the following two elements of the mental insanity defense: (i) the existence of a disease or mental defect (including its severity and its development over time); and (ii) that such disease or defect caused, at the time in which the alleged crimes were committed, the deprivation of the defendant´s capacity (a) “to appreciate the unlawfulness or nature of his conduct”; or (b) “to control his conduct according to the requirements of law”. Insanity constitutes an excluding circumstance only if both elements are fully proven by the Defense. If only one of these elements is partially proven, insanity may only be considered as a mitigating circumstance or factor in the sentence

Algoritmo generador de itinerarios turísticos personalizados aplicado a destinos turísticos poco frecuentados. Caso de estudio : Ipiales, Nariño

El presente estudio propone un prototipo web que hace uso de un algoritmo generador de itinerarios turísticos personalizados (AGITP), basado en el problema Tourist Trip Design Problem (TTDP), en el destino turístico poco frecuentado Ipiales- Nariño con el fin de que los turistas cuenten con una herramienta que facilite el acceso de información del destino y les proporcione un itinerario de acuerdo a sus preferencias. Se inició con la identificación de la oferta turística con sus principales Prestadores de Servicios Turísticos (PST) por medio del levantamiento de información exhaustiva de los atractivos y agentes turísticos existentes. Por otro lado, se usaron métodos de estadística descriptiva y paramétrica para obtener la caracterización de la demanda, obteniendo la segmentación de estos en perfiles por medio del método de conglomerados. Se procedió a realizar el diseño del AGITP usando técnicas de optimización como: Greedy, búsqueda local y tabú, teniendo como criterio de evaluación una función objetivo que maximiza el puntaje de los POI y minimiza los tiempos muertos de la ruta. El desarrollo del prototipo web requirió la interconexión entre el AGITP y la web, permitiendo que el turista ingrese su información y requerimientos de manera amigable. El prototipo se puso a prueba con 100 personas que evaluaron su funcionamiento obteniendo como resultado itinerarios personalizados de forma exitosa. Finalmente, se evaluaron los costos del prototipo y los porcentajes de concordancia entre las expectativas reales del turista y los resultados arrojados por el AGITP, concluyendo así, que el 80,5% de los itinerarios fueron concordes.This study proposes an algorithm that generates personalized tourist itineraries (AGPTI) for based on the Tourist Trip Design Problem (TTDP) and its implementation on a web prototype . The AGPTI automatically generates itineraries with a planning horizon of maximum three days in the LFTD Ipiales- Nariño. This tool facilitates access to information about the offer of that destination to the tourists and provides them an itinerary according to their preferences and restrictions. Then, descriptive and parametric statistical methods were used to obtain the demand characterization. The AGPTI was designed and programmed using optimization techniques such as Greedy, Local Search and Taboo. These Metaheuristics use an Objective Function that maximizes tourist satisfaction which includes: Points Of Interest score (POIs), reduction of dead times of the route and time and money savings. The development of the web prototype required the interconnection between the AGPTI and a web interface so tourists can enter their information and requirements in a friendly way. The unified prototype was tested with 100 people who evaluated its operation.Finally, the study evaluates the prototype costs and the itinerary concordance between tourist expectations and the results obtained by AGPTI, concluding that 80.5% of the final itineraries matched the real tourist preferences.Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

Combination of dynapenia and abdominal obesity affects long-term physical performance trajectories in older adults: Sex differences

BACKGROUND: There is little epidemiological evidence of sex differences in the association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and the decline in physical performance among older adults. OBJECTIVE: The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the decline in physical performance is worse in individuals with dynapenic abdominal obese and whether there are sex differences in this association. METHODS: Out of 6,183 individuals aged 60 years or older from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 2,308 participants with missing data were excluded. Therefore, a longitudinal analysis was conducted with 3,875 older adults. Abdominal obesity was determined based on waist circumference (>102 cm for male and >88 cm for female) and dynapenia was based on grip strength (<26 kg for male <16 kg for female). The sample was divided into four groups: non-dynapenic/non-abdominal obesity (ND/NAO), non-dynapenic/abdominal obesity (ND/AO), dynapenic/non-abdominal obesity (D/NAO) and dynapenic/abdominal obesity (D/AO). Decline in physical performance in an eight-year follow-up period was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS: At baseline, both male (-1.11 points; 95% CI: -1.58, -0.65; p <0.001) and female (-1.39 points; 95% CI: -1.76, -1.02; p <0.001) with D/AO had worse performances on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) than their counterparts in the ND/NAO group. Over the eight-year follow-up, male with D/AO had a faster rate of decline in the SPPB performance compared to male in the ND/NAO group (-0.11 points per year; 95% CI: -0.21, -0.01; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: D/AO is associated with a stronger decline in physical performance in male but not female. The identification and management of dynapenic abdominal obesity may be essential to avoiding the first signs of functional impairment in older male

¿Qué significa tener un deber jurídico?

Este trabajo investigativo está enfocado en resolver un gran interrogante ¿Qué es un deber jurídico?, para esto es importante resaltar que debemos de tener un punto de salida en la definición de los conceptos que se tratan en el cuestionamiento para así poder entender los temas que tratamos

¡El pueblo no se rinde en la pandemia!

El 2020 estuvo marcado por el número de medidas restrictivas emitidas para enfrentar la pandemia del Covid-19[1], fortalecer y preparar el sistema de salud nacional y proteger la salud de los colombianos. Además de la evidente crisis en el sistema de salud, dada su incapacidad para atender un número significativo de ciudadanos, las medidas de confinamiento adoptadas por las autoridades nacionales, regionales y municipales produjeron una crisis social y económica nunca antes vista. Amplios sectores de la sociedad colombiana se quedaron sin empleo o fuente de ingresos. En este sentido, la privación de recursos para el sostenimiento de las familias fue extendida a varios estratos del país. Las carencias económicas para cubrir las necesidades básicas de los hogares colombianos se sintieron tanto en los sectores populares, como en las clases medias y profesionales del país

Introducción

La memoria es ese espacio de hilos delgados y gruesos por el que es complejo transitar. Los días, los meses y los años la convierten en un terreno impredecible de zonas fangosas; pero sobre ella, venciendo obstáculos, siempre hay que volver.De eso trata este libro, de volver sobre el pasado de 12 colombianos que hoy superan los 80 años, y que fueron testigos de la época de La Violencia, que se establece desde 1930 y que se complejiza el 9 de abril de 1948, con el asesinato de líder político Jorge Eliecer Gaitán

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation