157 research outputs found
Plant N Fluxes and Modulation by Nitrogen, Heat and Water Stresses: A Review Based on Comparison of Legumes and Non Legume Plants
Chapter 5International audienc
Combining ecophysiological modelling and quantitative trait locus analysis to identify key elementary processes underlying tomato fruit sugar concentration
A mechanistic model predicting the accumulation of tomato fruit sugars was developed in order (i) to dissect the relative influence of three underlying processes: assimilate supply (S), metabolic transformation of sugars into other compounds (M), and dilution by water uptake (D); and (ii) to estimate the genetic variability of S, M, and D. The latter was estimated in a population of 20 introgression lines derived from the introgression of a wild tomato species (Solanum chmielewskii) into S. lycopersicum, grown under two contrasted fruit load conditions. Low load systematically decreased D in the whole population, while S and M were targets of genotypeĂfruit load interactions. The sugar concentration positively correlated to S and D when the variation was due to genetic introgressions, while it positively correlated to S and M when the variation was due to changes in fruit load. Co-localizations between quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for sugar concentration and QTLs for S, M, and D allowed hypotheses to be proposed on the processes putatively involved at the QTLs. Among the five QTLs for sugar concentration, four co-localized with QTLs for S, M, and D with similar allele effects. Moreover, the processes underlying QTLs for sugar accumulation changed according to the fruit load condition. Finally, for some genotypes, the processes underlying sugar concentration compensated in such a way that they did not modify the sugar concentration. By uncoupling genetic from physiological relationships between processes, these results provide new insights into further understanding of tomato fruit sugar accumulation
Genetic and physiological analysis of tomato fruit weight and composition: influence of carbon availability on QTL detection
Throughout tomato domestication, a large increase in fruit size was associated with a loss of dry matter and sugar contents. This study aims to dissect the contributions of genetic variation and the physiological processes underlying the relationships between fruit growth and the accumulation of dry matter and sugars. Fruit quality traits and physiological parameters were measured on 20 introgression lines derived from the introgression of Solanum chmielewskii into S. lycopersicum, under high (HL, unpruned trusses) and low (LL, trusses pruned to one fruit) fruit load conditions. Inter- and intra-genotypic correlations among traits were estimated and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for size, composition, and physiological traits were mapped. LL increased almost all traits, but the response of sugar content was genotype-dependent, involving either dilution effects or differences in carbon allocation to sugars. GenotypeĂfruit load interactions were significant for most traits and only 30% of the QTL were stable under both fruit loads. Many QTL for fresh weight and cell or seed numbers co-localized. Eleven clusters of QTL for fresh weight and dry matter or sugar content were detected, eight with opposite allele effects and three with negative effects. Two genotypic antagonistic relationships, between fresh weight and dry matter content and between cell number and cell size, were significant only under HL; the second could be interpreted as a competition for carbohydrates among cells. The role of cuticular conductance, fruit transpiration or cracking in the relationship between fruit fresh weight and composition was also emphasized at the genetic and physiological levels
All-sky search for gravitational-wave bursts in the second joint LIGO-Virgo run
We present results from a search for gravitational-wave bursts in the data
collected by the LIGO and Virgo detectors between July 7, 2009 and October 20,
2010: data are analyzed when at least two of the three LIGO-Virgo detectors are
in coincident operation, with a total observation time of 207 days. The
analysis searches for transients of duration < 1 s over the frequency band
64-5000 Hz, without other assumptions on the signal waveform, polarization,
direction or occurrence time. All identified events are consistent with the
expected accidental background. We set frequentist upper limits on the rate of
gravitational-wave bursts by combining this search with the previous LIGO-Virgo
search on the data collected between November 2005 and October 2007. The upper
limit on the rate of strong gravitational-wave bursts at the Earth is 1.3
events per year at 90% confidence. We also present upper limits on source rate
density per year and Mpc^3 for sample populations of standard-candle sources.
As in the previous joint run, typical sensitivities of the search in terms of
the root-sum-squared strain amplitude for these waveforms lie in the range 5
10^-22 Hz^-1/2 to 1 10^-20 Hz^-1/2. The combination of the two joint runs
entails the most sensitive all-sky search for generic gravitational-wave bursts
and synthesizes the results achieved by the initial generation of
interferometric detectors.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures: data for plots and archived public version at
https://dcc.ligo.org/cgi-bin/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=70814&version=19, see
also the public announcement at
http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-S6BurstAllSky
Analyse des variations de poids et de teneurs en sucres du fruit de tomate par une approche intégrative combinant des études écophysiologique, génétique et moléculaire
3 annexes, 6 p. DiplĂŽme : Dr. d'UniversitĂ©Fruit weight and sugar content are two complex traits largely involved in tomato quality. The aim of this study is to dissect these two traits via a multidisciplinary approach combining ecophysiology, genetics and genomics. A population of 20 introgression lines of Solanum chmielewskii in the genetic background of S. lycopersicum were grown in 2006 and 2007 under two fruit load conditions in order to modulate carbon availability to fruit. Under high load conditions, trusses were not pruned while under low load conditions, trusses were pruned to one fruit. Indicators of ecophysiological processes involved in tomato fruit weight and sugar content were measured or estimated and allowed the characterization of main processes underlying QTL for quality traits such as cell division and expansion, fruit transpiration or allocation of carbon for the synthesis of structural compounds. A high effect of fruit load was emphasized on QTL expressions, indicating the occurrence of genotype x fruit load interactions. The combined use of an ecophysiological model predicting the final fruit sugar content and QTL detection allowed the identification of co-localizations between QTL for quality traits and QTL for variables involved in fruit functioning such as the assimilate supply to the fruit, the metabolic transformation of sugars into other compounds, or the dilution by water uptake. Finally, an introgression line harbouring QTL for fresh weight and sugar content with opposite allele effects, and the line conferring the genetic background were studied at the transcriptome level during the cell expansion phase. Candidate genes whose expression levels could be associated to the variation of weight and sugar content led by a fruit load change were identified. The kinetic analysis of expressions from a set of candidate genes allowed establishing links between ecophysiological and molecular variables.Le poids et la teneur en sucres du fruit sont deux caractĂšres complexes, importants pour la qualitĂ© de la tomate. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est de dissĂ©quer ces deux caractĂšres par une dĂ©marche pluridisciplinaire, impliquant des approches Ă©cophysiologiques, gĂ©nĂ©tiques et molĂ©culaires. Une population de 20 lignĂ©es dâintrogression de Solanum chmielewskii dans le fonds gĂ©nĂ©tique de S. lycopersicum a Ă©tĂ© cultivĂ©e en 2006 et en 2007 sous deux conditions de charges en fruits afin de moduler sa disponibilitĂ© en carbone : une forte charge oĂč tous les fruits sont conservĂ©s sur les bouquets, et une faible charge constituĂ©e par un unique fruit par bouquet. Des indicateurs de processus Ă©cophysiologiques impliquĂ©s dans le poids et la teneur en sucres du fruit ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s ou estimĂ©s. Ils ont permis de caractĂ©riser les principaux processus Ă©cophysiologiques sous-jacents aux QTL de qualitĂ©, notamment la division et lâexpansion cellulaire, la transpiration du fruit, et lâallocation carbonĂ©e pour la synthĂšse de composĂ©s structuraux. Un fort effet de la charge en fruits a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence sur lâexpression des QTL pour la plupart des caractĂšres observĂ©s, indiquant lâoccurrence dâinteractions gĂ©notype x charge en fruits. Lâutilisation dâun modĂšle Ă©cophysiologique prĂ©disant la teneur en sucres dâun fruit de tomate Ă maturitĂ©, combinĂ© Ă une dĂ©tection de QTL, a permis dâidentifier des colocalisations entre QTL de qualitĂ© et QTL de variables de fonctionnement du fruit telles que la fourniture du fruit en assimilats, la transformation mĂ©tabolique des sucres en dâautres composĂ©s, ou la dilution des composĂ©s par lâentrĂ©e dâeau dans le fruit. Enfin, une lignĂ©e dâintrogression portant des QTL de poids frais et de sucres avec des allĂšles aux effets opposĂ©s ainsi que la lignĂ©e confĂ©rant le fonds gĂ©nĂ©tique ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es au niveau molĂ©culaire par une analyse du transcriptome en phase dâexpansion cellulaire. Des gĂšnes candidats dont le niveau dâexpression serait associĂ© aux variations de poids et de teneurs en sucres du fruit, engendrĂ©es par une modification de la charge en fruits ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s. Lâanalyse en cinĂ©tique de lâexpression de quelques gĂšnes candidats a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence des liens entre variables Ă©cophysiologiques et molĂ©culaires
Démarches de biologie intégrative pour la compréhension des flux de carbone, azote et eau dans la plante
Les dĂ©marches de biologie intĂ©grative, qui ont constituĂ© le fil rouge de lâensemble de mes travaux de recherche ont Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©es au sein de deux Axes ThĂ©matiques principaux : un axe concernant la qualitĂ© des produits rĂ©coltĂ©s et un axe concernant la valorisation des interactions plante-microorganismes favorisant le prĂ©lĂšvement des ressources azotĂ©es en conditions hydriques fluctuantes. Câest sur ce dernier axe que je travaille depuis mon recrutement en tant que ChargĂ©e de Recherche au sein de lâUMR AgroĂ©cologie. Cette approche de biologie intĂ©grative (multi-disciplinaire et multi-Ă©chelle) me permet de hiĂ©rarchiser les processus Ă©cophysiologiques, mĂ©taboliques et molĂ©culaires qui pourront ĂȘtre des cibles dâamĂ©lioration pour la conception dâidĂ©otypes de lĂ©gumineuses plus stables en conditions hydriques fluctuantes. Les travaux menĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©clinĂ©s en diffĂ©rents niveaux de complexitĂ© des interactions plante x microorganismes : entre une lĂ©gumineuse cultivĂ©e (le pois Pisum sativum principalement, mais Ă©galement dâautres espĂšces telles que le soja Glycine max, la fĂ©verole Vicia faba, la lentille Lens culinaris ou le lupin Lupinus albus) et des partenaires microbiens du sol allant dâune souche de rhizobium, Ă la communautĂ© microbienne du sol rhizosphĂ©rique. Les travaux menĂ©s jusquâalors ont permis de progresser dans la comprĂ©hension des Ă©quilibres et compromis entre gestion de lâeau, de lâazote et du carbone par la lĂ©gumineuse en conditions de sĂ©cheresse, en plaçant le systĂšme racinaire au cĆur de cette vision systĂ©mique et ils ont permis dâidentifier de potentiels leviers agronomiques et gĂ©nĂ©tiques pour une meilleure rĂ©silience de la lĂ©gumineuse
Effets de stress hydriques simples et reÌpeÌteÌs sur les reÌponses racinaires du pois
National audienc
Caractérisation éco-physiologique du développement de pois et lien avec l'amélioration variétale
National audienc
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