22 research outputs found

    Particle size and metal distributions in anaerobically digested pig slurry

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    Particle size distribution and trace element patterns were studied in a full-scale anaerobic digestion plant treating pig slurry. Mass balance was established for major (N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mg and S) and minor (Al, Cu, Mn and Zn) elements. Most of the elements were conserved through the process but part of the P, Ca, Mg and Mn was deposited as crystals lining the digester. In the dry matter of the slurry, Cu and Zn occurred at between 170 and 2600 mg kg1 due to pig diet supplements. Analyses of particle size distributions in raw and digested slurries showed a general shift in distribution towards larger sizes due to degradation of small and easily degradable particles as well as formation of large microbial filaments. Graded sieving of digested slurry showed metals to be mainly present on 3–25 lm particles. Less than 2% Cu and Zn was removed by passage through a 250 lm rotary screen

    Impact of anaerobic digestion on organic matter quality in pig slurry

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    Changes in pig slurry organic matter (OM) during anaerobic digestion (AD) were studied in a reactor to characterize OM evolution through AD. OM maturity and stability were evaluated using different biological and physico-chemical methods. Germination and growth chamber experiments revealed a higher maturity of digested slurry (DS) than raw slurry (RS). Soil incubations showed that DS was more stable than RS with a C-mineralization of 12.0 g CO2-C 100 g1 Corg after 49 days as compared to 17.6 g CO2-C100 g1 Corg. Biochemical fractionation showed a relative increase in stable compounds such as hemicellulose-like and lignin-like molecules. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed some changes in the chemical structures of OM with a reduction in the aliphatic chain, lipid and polysaccharide levels. A comparison between the evolution of OM during AD and the first weeks of a composting process showed almost identical changes. Finally a theoretical method called Fictitious Atomic-group Separation was applied to the elemental compositions of RS and DS. DS was less humified than RS and presented the properties of a fulvic acid, indicating that the observed stability in DS was mainly due to the biodegradation of the most labile compound

    Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover

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    The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary ‘event’, which hints at a ‘cascade model’ of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth

    La valorisation des coproduits de l’huilerie par mĂ©thanisation

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    The productions of vegetable oil and methyl esters of vegetable oil lead to the generation of a lot of by-products. The purpose of this work was to study an alternative solution for a profitable use of vegetable oil by-products: anaerobic digestion. The potential for anaerobic digestion of 24 by-products was studied. The results show that most of oil by-products had a good capacity for anaerobic digestion. Then, the effects of the addition of oil by-products on the behavior of one reactor treating a mixture of grass, cow manure and fruit and vegetable waste and another reactor treating household waste were investigated. Most of the by-products tested improved significantly the production of methane indicating that the addition of by-products from oil production could represent a significant financial earning for the digester operators. Discussions are in progress involving oil producers and biogas plant operators to assess the opportunity of supporting the addition of by-products from oil refining in their facilities. A first evaluation of the costs and potential benefits of by-product treatment was performed. These costs should be reviewed in line with the increased development of anaerobic digestion and the expected benefits due to the digestion of by-products

    La valorisation des coproduits de l’huilerie par mĂ©thanisation

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    Profitable use of vegetable oil by-products by anaerobic digestion The productions of vegetable oil and methyl esters of vegetable oil lead to the generation of a lot of by-products. The purpose of this work was to study an alternative solution for a profitable use of vegetable oil by-products: anaerobic digestion. The potential for anaerobic digestion of 24 by-products was studied. The results show that most of oil by-products had a good capacity for anaerobic digestion. Then, the effects of the addition of oil by-products on the behavior of one reactor treating a mixture of grass, cow manure and fruit and vegetable waste and another reactor treating household waste were investigated. Most of the by-products tested improved significantly the production of methane indicating that the addition of by-products from oil production could represent a significant financial earning for the digester operators. Discussions are in progress involving oil producers and biogas plant operators to assess the opportunity of supporting the addition of by-products from oil refining in their facilities. A first evaluation of the costs and potential benefits of by-product treatment was performed. These costs should be reviewed in line with the increased development of anaerobic digestion and the expected benefits due to the digestion of by-products

    Influence des modes de prĂ©sentation et de sĂ©lection des listes de prĂ©diction : Étude sur trois systĂšmes d'aide Ă  la saisie de textes

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    Garches : HĂŽpital Raymond PoincarrĂ©International audienceProblĂ©matique de l’expĂ©rience : L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier l’utilisabilitĂ© des systĂšmes d’aides Ă  la saisie de textes. Ils reposent sur l’utilisation d’un systĂšme de prĂ©diction de mots qui visent Ă  accroĂźtre la vitesse et le confort de saisie de personnes ayant des troubles de parole ou moteurs des membres supĂ©rieurs. Ces systĂšmes proposent au sujet, soit une liste de mots, soit une fin de mots (ce processus s’appelle la complĂ©tion). L’objet de cette Ă©tude est d’analyser le type de prĂ©sentation le plus efficient pour sĂ©lectionner une entitĂ© dans une liste, sans que cela n’engendre un surcroĂźt de fatigue motrice et oculaire pour l’utilisateur[2], [3]. Notre Ă©tude 1 2 3porte sur trois techniques diffĂ©rentes : Clavicom NG , Dicom et VITIPI [1]. Le clavier virtuel AZERTY de Clavicom NG est commun aux trois techniques. Les mots proposĂ©s dans Clavicom NG sont intĂ©grĂ©s dans le clavier virtuel sous forme d’une touche unique pour tout mot. En cliquant sur cette touche, le mot s’affiche dans le texte. Pour Dicom, les mots sont affichĂ©s verticalement sur une fenĂȘtre sĂ©parĂ©e du clavier. A chaque mot est affectĂ© Ă  une touche de fonction ( Ă  ). L’appui sur la touche de fonction affiche le mot associĂ©. VITIPI n’affiche pas de liste mais complĂšte les mots dans le texte au fur et Ă  mesure de la saisie dĂšs qu’il n’y a plus d’ambiguĂŻtĂ©. A des fins de comparaison, le lexique des systĂšmes de prĂ©diction est le mĂȘme pour les trois systĂšmes. La sĂ©lection (touche versus mot) est effectuĂ©e par dĂ©signation au moyen d’un dispositif de pointage

    Particle size and metal distributions in anaerobically digested pig slurry

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    International audienceParticle size distribution and trace element patterns were studied in a full-scale anaerobic digestion plant treating pig slurry. Mass balance was established for major (N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mg and S) and minor (Al, Cu, Mn and Zn) elements. Most of the elements were conserved through the process but part of the P, Ca, Mg and Mn was deposited as crystals lining the digester. In the dry matter of the slurry, Cu and Zn occurred at between 170 and 2600 mg/kg due to pig diet supplements. Analyses of particle size distributions in raw and digested slurries showed a general shift in distribution towards larger sizes due to degradation of small and easily degradable particles as well as formation of large microbial filaments. Graded sieving of digested slurry showed metals to be mainly present on 3–25 um particles. Less than 2% Cu and Zn was removed by passage through a 250 um rotary screen

    Etat des connaissances sur le devenir des germes pathogenes et des micropolluants au cours de la methanisation des dechets et sous-produits organiques A review

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    SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : RP 400 (2255) / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueAgence de l'Environnement et de la Maitrise de l'Energie (ADEME), 75 - Paris (France)FRFranc

    Suivi des Ă©lĂ©ments traces (Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn) dans la filiĂšre porcine du Sud-Ouest, du sol au vĂ©gĂ©tal Ă  l’animal

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    Ce projet a pour objectif de quantifier et de comprendre le transfert et les accumulations potentielles des Ă©lĂ©ments traces Ă  travers les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes de la filiĂšre agro-alimentaire porcine. Cette Ă©tude se place dans le contexte (1) d’une vĂ©rification de la qualitĂ© sanitaire des produits (teneurs en Cd, Pb, As, Cu et Zn) et (2) de l’acquisition de rĂ©fĂ©rences sur la teneur naturelle en Ă©lĂ©ments traces et leurs frĂ©quences dans les diffĂ©rents compartiments de la filiĂšre (sol, grains de maĂŻs, soja et tournesol, ration alimentaire des porcs, viande de porc, lisier). Les flux d’élĂ©ments traces sont Ă©tudiĂ©s au sein d’exploitations de polyculture-Ă©levage porcin du Sud-Ouest (Aquitaine, Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es), avec alimentation des porcs Ă  partir des vĂ©gĂ©taux produits sur l’exploitation et achetĂ©s (tourteaux d’olĂ©agineux). Nos modĂšles vĂ©gĂ©taux sont le maĂŻs et le tournesol. Ces deux plantes se caractĂ©risent par des capacitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes d’accumulation d’élĂ©ments traces. Le maĂŻs est une plante faiblement accumulatrice alors que le tournesol est plus fortement accumulateur d’élĂ©ments traces (en particulier le cadmium dont les teneurs sont parfois proches des valeurs rĂ©glementaires). Dans la premiĂšre phase du projet, rĂ©alisĂ©e en 2007-2008, nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la contamination des sols, lisiers et vĂ©gĂ©taux dans douze exploitations placĂ©es sous dĂ©marche qualitĂ©. Les parcelles choisies couvrent une large gamme de sols. Nous avons une gamme de sols qui reprĂ©sente bien une contamination diffuse, sans anomalie flagrante. Les teneurs en ETM mesurĂ©es dans les lisiers et vĂ©gĂ©taux sont conformes aux valeurs rĂ©glementaires. L’analyse des flux Ă  la parcelle montre une accumulation de Cu et Zn liĂ©e Ă  l’apport de lisier. Les parcelles accumulent Ă©galement Pb, As et Cd mais pour des quantitĂ©s annuelles beaucoup plus faibles, la source majoritaire pour As et Cd Ă©tant les engrais minĂ©raux et pour Pb les retombĂ©es atmosphĂ©riques. Les pertes en ETM par lessivage/lixiviation n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© prises en compte dans ce projet par manque de donnĂ©es fiables. Dans le cadre de cette enquĂȘte, nous n’avons pas observĂ© d’effet nĂ©gatif de l’épandage de lisier sur la qualitĂ© des rĂ©coltes. Au niveau analytique, les travaux ont permis une validation de la mĂ©thode d’analyse des Ă©lĂ©ments en total (comparaison de diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes de minĂ©ralisation) ainsi que la mise au point d’une mĂ©thode d’analyse de spĂ©ciation de l’arsenic dans les matrices du projet qui est transfĂ©rable Ă  ces laboratoires de routine. Durant la deuxiĂšme phase de l’étude, en 2008-2010, nous avons recherchĂ© Ă  quantifier les flux d’ETM le long de la filiĂšre porcine en distinguant d’une part le systĂšme animal (aliment - organes animaux - lisiers) et d’autre part le systĂšme sol-plante. Nous avons suivi les flux d’ETM dans la plante modĂšle maĂŻs en croissance et Ă  les modĂ©liser sur une base mĂ©caniste prenant en compte le dĂ©veloppement de l’organe de prĂ©lĂšvement (systĂšme racinaire) et la concentration dans la solution du sol ou le flux de diffusion maximal obtenu par DGT, dans 4 exploitations identifiĂ©es durant la premiĂšre phase d’enquĂȘte de terrain (essai « maĂŻs croissance »). Cet essai a notamment montrĂ© que les teneurs en ETM dans les grains ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre prĂ©dites prĂ©cisĂ©ment Ă  partir de variables du sol, et que l’accumulation des ETM dans la plante est liĂ©e Ă  la croissance selon un modĂšle conduisant Ă  une dilution dans la biomasse avec le temps. Une expĂ©rimentation en station porcine (station expĂ©rimentale IFIP Ă  Villefranche sur Rouergue) a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e afin de mesurer des flux Ă  l’échelle de l’animal dans des conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es, oĂč les lisiers peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©s individuellement. Les animaux exposĂ©s Ă  des aliments aux teneurs en Pb et Cd Ă©levĂ©es (mais respectant la rĂ©glementation en alimentation animale) prĂ©sentent des concentrations en ces Ă©lĂ©ments plus Ă©levĂ©es dans les foies et reins. Elles sont infĂ©rieures Ă  la rĂ©glementation pour les foies, et pour le Pb dans les reins, mais dĂ©passent la limite rĂ©glementaire pour le Cd dans les reins. Par contre, les concentrations en Pb et Cd dans les muscles (jambon) sont trĂšs faibles, majoritairement infĂ©rieures Ă  la limite de quantification. Une large part des ETM ingĂ©rĂ©e est excrĂ©tĂ©e par les dĂ©jections. Concernant l’effet du mode de gestion des lisiers sur le flux d’ETM, les simulations rĂ©alisĂ©es ont permis de pointer que les diffĂ©rentes techniques (techniques sĂ©paratives, traitement par nitrification/dĂ©nitrification couplĂ© Ă  une simple ou double sĂ©paration de phase, traitement par digestion anaĂ©robie) ne modifient pas de façon consĂ©quente les flux d’ETM sur l’exploitation, et conduisent Ă  l’obtention d’un coproduit concentrĂ© en Cu et Zn qui ne sont pas exportables car ne rĂ©pondant pas aux exigences de la norme NF-U44-051
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