Auditorio «Maurice Ravel» Lyon – Francia

Shaped like a St. Jacques shell, the «Maurice Ravel» Auditorium has a capacity for over 2000 people with excellent acoustic and comfort conditions. This was, precisely, one of the main problems the architects had to solve: creating an atmosphere, a climate of musical receptivity, without sacrificing the technical acoustic and visibility requirements or the need to contain differently sized musical groups. The Auditorium consists of the audience hall, the stage, the orchestra pit, the lobby, sitting rooms and is completed by two annexes, the first, used for orchestra rehearsals and the second, a L-shaped, three storied building containing artists' apartments, camerinos, administration services and mechanical rooms.Con su forma-de concha de Santiago, el Auditorio «Maurice Ravel» ofrece capacidad para más de 2.000 personas en inmejorables condiciones acústicas y de confort. Este fue, precisamente, uno de los principales problemas que tuvieron que resolver los arquitectos: crear un ambiente y un clima de receptividad musical, sin sacrificar los imperativos técnicos debidos a la acústica, a la visibilidad y a las exigencias de dar cabida a formaciones musicales de diversa importancia. El auditorio, compuesto por la sala del público, el plato, el foso de la orquesta, el vestíbulo de entrada y los salones de descanso, se completó con dos anexos: el primero destinado a sala de ensayos para la orquesta; y el segundo, en forma de «L» y con tres niveles de altura, que alberga los alojamientos de artistas, vestuarios, servicios administrativos y los locales técnicos y de servicios

Grupo Escolar Solferino Colombes-Francia

This school complex is divided into three different facilities, one for boys, one for girls and a kindergarten, all in a two-storey Steel structure building. The dining halls and kitchen are located in a separate building connected to the main one, the toilets and the medical department, being a part of the connecting area. The design of the entire complex is highly decorative and yet, very functional.Este Grupo Escolar está formado por tres escuelas destinadas, cada una de ellas, a niñas, niños y jardín de infancia. Se halla instalado en un edificio de dos plantas, realizado a base de estructura metálica. Los comedores y la cocina se han situado en un edificio anexo. En la zona de comunicación entre los dos edificios se encuentran los lavabos y el departamento médico. Todo el conjunto se ha desarrollado de una manera muy decorativa y, a la vez, cómoda

Caja de Previsión París-Francia

The building housing the Pension Fund has three concrete undergrade levels and several floors above grade with a steel structure. This article analyses the layout of each floor and the construction method and materials used in the various areas throughout the building. Also described are the features of the mechanical installations, such as: heating, air conditioning, electrical, lifts and telephone. A 12-storey tower rises from the centre of the building to house the archives, fitted with a telephone equipped elevator.La sede de la Caja de Previsión consta de tres sótanos realizados en hormigón armado, y una superestructura metálica de varias plantas. En este artículo se analiza la distribución de cada una de estas plantas, así como el sistema de construcción y los materiales empleados en las diversas partes del edificio. Se contemplan, también, las características de las instalaciones: calefacción, aire acondicionado, electricidad, ascensores y servicio telefónico. En la parte central del edificio se halla una torre, destinada a archivos, de 12 plantas, dotada de un ascensor con teléfono

Restaurante Universitario París-Francia

This article covers the features of a university dining hall consisting of five rooms with a total capacity for 1,560 diners, plus kitchen facilities. Also examined are the mechanical facilities, such as heating, ventilation, electrical and gas. The utensil and equipment used in each area of the dining hall are shown as well.Se consideran en este artículo las características de un restaurante universitario, con cinco salones-restaurante de 1.560 plazas en total, y cocina. También se analizan las principales instalaciones técnicas: calefacción, ventilación, electricidad y gas; se pueden apreciar los aparatos y utensilios necesarios en cada zona del restaurante

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

From Craft to Nature: The Emergence of Natural Teleology

A teleological explanation is an explanation in terms of an end or a purpose. So saying that ‘X came about for the sake of Y’ is a teleological account of X. It is a striking feature of ancient Greek philosophy that many thinkers accepted that the world should be explained in this way. However, before Aristotle, teleological explanations of the cosmos were generally based on the idea that it had been created by a divine intelligence. If an intelligent power made the world, then it makes sense that it did so with a purpose in mind, so grasping this purpose will help us understand the world. This is the pattern of teleological explanation that we find in the Presocratics and in Plato. However, with Aristotle teleology underwent a change: instead of thinking that the ends were explanatory because a mind had sought to bring them about, Aristotle took the ends to operate in natural beings independently of the efforts of any creative intelligence. Indeed, he thought that his predecessors had failed to understand what was distinctive of nature, namely, that its ends work from the inside of natural beings themselves

Aristotle on the Matter for Birth, Life, and the Elements

This essay considers three case studies of Aristotle’s use of matter, drawn from three different scientific contexts: menstrual fluid as the matter of animal generation in the Generation of Animals, the living body as matter of an organism in Aristotle’s On the Soul (De Anima), and the matter of elemental transformation in Generation and Corruption. I argue that Aristotle conceives of matter differently in these treatises (1) because of the different sorts of changes under consideration, and (2) because sometimes he is considering the matter for one specific change, and sometimes the matter for all of a thing’s natural changes. My account allows me to explain some of the strange features that Aristotle ascribes to the matter for elemental transformation in Generation and Corruption II. These features were interpreted by later commentators as general features of all matter. I argue that they are a result of the specific way that Aristotle thinks about the transmutation of the elements

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Grupo Escolar Solferino Colombes-Francia

This school complex is divided into three different facilities, one for boys, one for girls and a kindergarten, all in a two-storey Steel structure building. The dining halls and kitchen are located in a separate building connected to the main one, the toilets and the medical department, being a part of the connecting area. The design of the entire complex is highly decorative and yet, very functional.Este Grupo Escolar está formado por tres escuelas destinadas, cada una de ellas, a niñas, niños y jardín de infancia. Se halla instalado en un edificio de dos plantas, realizado a base de estructura metálica. Los comedores y la cocina se han situado en un edificio anexo. En la zona de comunicación entre los dos edificios se encuentran los lavabos y el departamento médico. Todo el conjunto se ha desarrollado de una manera muy decorativa y, a la vez, cómoda

Ensayo lexicográfico sobre la lengua de Térraba: introducción y extracto del vocabulario

     En el tomo IV, de 1891, de los Anales del Instituto Físico-Geográfico y del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, aparece un trabajo de singular valor para el estudio de las lenguas indígenas costarricenses. Fue un trabajo pionero; se trata del «Ensayo lexicográfico sobre la lengua de Térraba», escrito por Henri Pittier, entonces Director de aquel Instituto, y por el eminente filólogo y escritor costarricense Carlos Gagini. La obrita, de 86 páginas, firmada en 1892, fue publicada en la Tipografía Nacional, en 1893.     LETRAS publica este documento para rescatar tan valioso aporte de aquellos eminentes maestros, y como homenaje a una lengua que ya en nuestros días se ha dado por extinta en el territorio costarricense. El reciente libro del lingüista Adolfo Constenla Umaña, La lengua de Térraba (2007), es hoy el último eslabón de la vida de esta lengua indígena costarricense.     Esta sección documentos ofrece la «Introducción», escrita por Pittier y el «Estudio preliminar», que firma Gagini. Se incluye aquí tan solo un extracto del «Vocabulario», dada su relativa extensión. Además, hay estudios posteriores –incluido el trabajo de Constenla Umaña– que recogen y han enriquecido lo empezado por Gagini. De su lectura se desprenden las grandes dotes como investigadores de ambos autores, y la clara conciencia que adoptan, con respecto a la cultura, a las lenguas ancestrales y a los procedimientos para su análisis sistemático, en aras de proteger su supervivencia en el medio costarricense