Social-economical situational concept

Modern geography considers the elements of space in their complicated interaction. All types of space are overlapped, forming zones with different degree of stability (social-economical situations - SES). SES with different scales always follow a society's life and under certain conditions are able to alter its spatial configuration. There exist two concepts to explain the processes of spatial-temporal localization of geosituations (Thisse,1996): the equilibrium concept and the external concept. Social-economical space is formed in the struggle of this contrary factors. The geosituational conception (SES), which we suggest, explains the spatial-temporal structure by means of the analysis of socio-ecologo-economical situations. The situations are movable formations. They are easy for alterations than stable geosystems. Thus the geosituational concept is the governing aspect of the environment modelling. The analysis of socio-ecologo-economical situations may be a primary weighty reason to make governing decision.

Social-economical situational concept

Modern geography considers the elements of space in their complicated interaction. All types of space are overlapped, forming zones with different degree of stability (social-economical situations - SES). SES with different scales always follow a society's life and under certain conditions are able to alter its spatial configuration. There exist two concepts to explain the processes of spatial-temporal localization of geosituations (Thisse,1996): the equilibrium concept and the external concept. Social-economical space is formed in the struggle of this contrary factors. The geosituational conception (SES), which we suggest, explains the spatial-temporal structure by means of the analysis of socio-ecologo-economical situations. The situations are movable formations. They are easy for alterations than stable geosystems. Thus the geosituational concept is the governing aspect of the environment modelling. The analysis of socio-ecologo-economical situations may be a primary weighty reason to make governing decision

The role of endocannabinoid system in brain aging

Endocannabinoid system has recently been shown to play a role in brain aging. Mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1 receptor knockout, Cnr1-/- mice) show signs of accelerated aging specific to the brain and cognitive functions. The mechanisms by which the absence of CB1 receptor deficiency induces accelerated brain aging have not been identified yet. The present work shows that CB1 receptor absence can enhance age-related accumulation of aging marker lipofuscin. Knockout of CB1 receptors also leads to a decrease in cathpesin D expression, as well as changes in autophagic pathway. However, the absence of CB1 receptor does not affect age-related oxidative stress or reduction in the rate of neurogenesis. We next asked if the endocannabinoid system itself undergoes age-related changes and assessed the levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the major ligand of the CB1 receptor, and the enzymes responsible for its metabolism in the hippocampus. The expression of the enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of 2-AG decreases with age, leaving the basal 2-AG levels unaltered. However, this general decrease in the production of metabolic enzymes for 2-AG might be detrimental in some cases, when an increased synthesis of this endocannabinoid is needed (e.g., excitotoxicity). No change in the levels of anandamide (AEA) or oleylethanolamide (OEA) is observed in aging. In addition, an increase in palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels is present in aged animals

Influence of repeated intravital extraction of eggs from sturgeon hybrids on their oogenesis under conditions of recirculation aquaculture system

Dynamics of cytomorphological characteristics of oocytes in ovaries is considered for two sturgeon hybrids: besters of the breed Burtlevskaya Huso huso (Linnaeus) x Acipenser ruthenus (Linnaeus) and the breed Aksayskaya Acipenser ruthenus x ( Huso huso x Acipenser ruthenus ) on the experimental data obtained under controlled conditions in the aquatic complex in Moscow (Russia) in 2010-2012. Methods of intravital eggs extraction, ultrasound diagnostics, biopsy with the probe, anesthesia and histological analysis are applied. Structure of membrane is similar for straight sturgeon species and hybrids, but the membrane thickness and the term of its emergence on certain maturity stage are somewhat different, so the eggs of bester could be distinguished by the oocyte membrane thickness. Mean interspawning interval for the hybrids in conditions of recirculation aquaculture system at water temperature 20-21 °C is determined as 10-12 months

Interplay between n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the endocannabinoid system in brain protection and repair.

The brain is enriched in arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) of the n-6 and n-3 series, respectively. Both are essential for optimal brain development and function. Dietary enrichment with DHA and other long-chain n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have shown beneficial effects on learning and memory, neuroinflammatory processes and synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. ARA, DHA and EPA are precursors to a diverse repertoire of bioactive lipid mediators, including endocannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system comprises cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, and their biosynthetic and degradation enzymes. Anandamide (AEA) and 2-archidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the most widely studied endocannabinoids, and are both derived from phospholipid-bound ARA. The endocannabinoid system also has well established roles in neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, suggesting an overlap in the neuroprotective effects observed with these different classes of lipids. Indeed, growing evidence suggests a complex interplay between n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA and the endocannabinoid system. For example, long-term DHA and EPA supplementation reduces AEA and 2-AG levels, with reciprocal increases in levels of the analogous endocannabinoid-like DHA and EPA-derived molecules. This review summarises current evidence of this interplay and discusses the therapeutic potential for brain protection and repair

Gi/o-protein coupled receptors in the aging brain

Cells translate extracellular signals to regulate processes such as differentiation, metabolism and proliferation, via transmembranar receptors. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest family of transmembrane receptors, with over 800 members in the human species. Given the variety of key physiological functions regulated by GPCRs, these are main targets of existing drugs. During normal aging, alterations in the expression and activity of GPCRs have been observed. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly affected by these alterations, which results in decreased brain functions, impaired neuroregeneration, and increased vulnerability to neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson diseases. GPCRs signal via heterotrimeric G proteins, such as Go, the most abundant heterotrimeric G protein in CNS. We here review age-induced effects of GPCR signaling via the Gi/o subfamily at the CNS. During the aging process, a reduction in protein density is observed for almost half of the Gi/o-coupled GPCRs, particularly in age-vulnerable regions such as the frontal cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum. Gi/o levels also tend to decrease with aging, particularly in regions such as the frontal cortex. Alterations in the expression and activity of GPCRs and coupled G proteins result from altered proteostasis, peroxidation of membranar lipids and age-associated neuronal degeneration and death, and have impact on aging hallmarks and age-related neuropathologies. Further, due to oligomerization of GPCRs at the membrane and their cooperative signaling, down-regulation of a specific Gi/o-coupled GPCR may affect signaling and drug targeting of other types/subtypes of GPCRs with which it dimerizes. Gi/o-coupled GPCRs receptorsomes are thus the focus of more effective therapeutic drugs aiming to prevent or revert the decline in brain functions and increased risk of neuropathologies at advanced ages.This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Centro 2020 and Portugal 2020, the COMPETE program, QREN, and the European Union (FEDER program) via the GoBack project (PTDC/CVT-CVT/32261/2017), the pAGE program (Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000003), and Institute for Biomedicine iBiMED (UID/BIM/04501/2013; UID/BIM/04501/2019).publishe

Some data on the reproductive system condition of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichusmawsoni) males and females from the Indian Ocean area in the summer period

No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.The study deals with reproductive characteristics of the life history of Antarctic toothfish caught in the seamounts of the Indian Ocean area of the Antarctica in the fishing period 2004- 2005. This fish species is one of the important deepwater resources of Antarctica. The study is a part of complex investigation of the life history adaptations of this fish species in the different areas of the Antarctica. The morphological parameters, indices of gonads have been described. The histological criteria of the assessment of the ovary maturity stages and cytological parameters of oocytes and type of the toothfish oogenesis have been determined. Under the maturing of toothfish ovaries from the stages II to IV show a slow increase in oocyte diameter. It was shown that for Antarctic toothfish during the fishing period the individuals with gonads of the III late stage of maturity were dominated. Their ovaries contained three size groups of oocytes: cytoplasmic group and two groups of vitellogenous oocytes. Antarctic toothfish was not matured for spawning in the Indian Ocean area of the Antarctica in the investigation period

Influence of repeated intravital extraction of eggs from sturgeon hybrids on their oogenesis under conditions of recirculation aquaculture system

Dynamics of cytomorphological characteristics of oocytes in ovaries is considered for two sturgeon hybrids: besters of the breed Burtlevskaya Huso huso (Linnaeus) x Acipenser ruthenus (Linnaeus) and the breed Aksayskaya Acipenser ruthenus x ( Huso huso x Acipenser ruthenus ) on the experimental data obtained under controlled conditions in the aquatic complex in Moscow (Russia) in 2010-2012. Methods of intravital eggs extraction, ultrasound diagnostics, biopsy with the probe, anesthesia and histological analysis are applied. Structure of membrane is similar for straight sturgeon species and hybrids, but the membrane thickness and the term of its emergence on certain maturity stage are somewhat different, so the eggs of bester could be distinguished by the oocyte membrane thickness. Mean interspawning interval for the hybrids in conditions of recirculation aquaculture system at water temperature 20-21 °C is determined as 10-12 months.</jats:p