Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration

Extensive experimental data from high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions were recorded using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The comprehensive set of measurements from the first three years of RHIC operation includes charged particle multiplicities, transverse energy, yield ratios and spectra of identified hadrons in a wide range of transverse momenta (p_T), elliptic flow, two-particle correlations, non-statistical fluctuations, and suppression of particle production at high p_T. The results are examined with an emphasis on implications for the formation of a new state of dense matter. We find that the state of matter created at RHIC cannot be described in terms of ordinary color neutral hadrons.Comment: 510 authors, 127 pages text, 56 figures, 1 tables, LaTeX. Submitted to Nuclear Physics A as a regular article; v3 has minor changes in response to referee comments. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

System Size and Energy Dependence of Jet-Induced Hadron Pair Correlation Shapes in Cu+Cu and Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 and 62.4 GeV

We present azimuthal angle correlations of intermediate transverse momentum (1-4 GeV/c) hadrons from {dijets} in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV. The away-side dijet induced azimuthal correlation is broadened, non-Gaussian, and peaked away from \Delta\phi=\pi in central and semi-central collisions in all the systems. The broadening and peak location are found to depend upon the number of participants in the collision, but not on the collision energy or beam nuclei. These results are consistent with sound or shock wave models, but pose challenges to Cherenkov gluon radiation models.Comment: 464 authors from 60 institutions, 6 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Improved Measurement of Double Helicity Asymmetry in Inclusive Midrapidity pi^0 Production for Polarized p+p Collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV

We present an improved measurement of the double helicity asymmetry for pi^0 production in polarized proton-proton scattering at sqrt(s) = 200 GeV employing the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The improvements to our previous measurement come from two main factors: Inclusion of a new data set from the 2004 RHIC run with higher beam polarizations than the earlier run and a recalibration of the beam polarization measurements, which resulted in reduced uncertainties and increased beam polarizations. The results are compared to a Next to Leading Order (NLO) perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD) calculation with a range of polarized gluon distributions.Comment: 389 authors, 4 pages, 2 tables, 1 figure. Submitted to Phys. Rev. D, Rapid Communications. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

J/psi Production and Nuclear Effects for d+Au and p+p Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV

J/psi production in d+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV has been measured by the PHENIX experiment at rapidities -2.2 < y < +2.4. The cross sections and nuclear dependence of J/\psi production versus rapidity, transverse momentum, and centrality are obtained and compared to lower energy p+A results and to theoretical models. The observed nuclear dependence in d+Au collisions is found to be modest, suggesting that the absorption in the final state is weak and the shadowing of the gluon distributions is small and consistent with Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi-based parameterizations that fit deep-inelastic scattering and Drell-Yan data at lower energies.Comment: 331 authors, 6 pages text, 3 figures. Published in PRL. Version 2 has minor changes required during the review and production process. Of significant note are that (a) the original Figs. 3 and 4 are combined into a single Fig. 3 and (b) the value of (p_T)**2 at x_F=0 changed from 3.17+/-0.33 to 3.03+/-0.40. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Utilização de estrógeno exógeno no início do ciclo estral em vacas leiteiras mestiças

O objetivo neste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do estrógeno exógeno em fase precoce do ciclo estral na indução do estro e na dinâmica ovariana de vacas leiteiras. Considerando que a PGF2&#945; não regride o corpo lúteo com menos de cinco dias após o estro, uma das alternativas para a redução do intervalo estral no início do ciclo seria o uso do estrógeno. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu ciclando regularmente, sem qualquer alteração clínica ou reprodutiva. As vacas foram incluídas ao acaso nos respectivos tratamentos. Oito delas receberam 2,5 mL de cipionato de estradiol no primeiro dia do ciclo estral e oito não receberam (controle). A manifestação de estro foi monitorada visualmente. Os exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados diariamente pela manhã, iniciando no dia do estro. As coletas de sangue para as dosagens de progesterona tiveram início no dia do estro. Os animais que receberam estrógeno no primeiro dia após o estro natural manifestaram os sinais característicos de estro (psíquicos, útero túrgido e muco abundante) um dia após a aplicação. Essa redução do intervalo de estro para apenas dois dias pode favorecer a eliminação de bactérias do útero (quando presentes), aumentando a eficiência reprodutiva. Excetuando o dia da emergência da primeira onda folicular, todas as outras variáveis estudadas (número e comprimento de ondas, características dos folículos dominantes e subordinados, assim como os parâmetros relacionados ao corpo lúteo) não foram afetadas pela aplicação de estrógeno um dia após o estro. A aplicação de cipionato de estradiol em vacas mestiças um dia após o estro natural promove o aparecimento de sinais de estro dois dias após o estro natural mas não afeta as características do ciclo estral subsequente.The objective of this work was to check the effect of exogenous estrogen, in early phase of estrus cycle on the induction of estrus and on ovarian dynamics of dairy cows. By considering that PGF2&#945; does not regress the corpus luteum in less than five days after the estrus, an alternative for the reduction of the estrus interval in the beginning of the cycle would be the use of estrogen. It was used 16 Holstein-zebu crossbred cows cycling regularly, without any clinical or reproductive alterations. Cows were randomly included in their respective treatments. Eight cows received 2.5 mL of estradiol cipionate on the first day of the estrous cycle and eight cows did not receive anything (control). The expression of estrus was monitored visually. The ultrasound scans were conducted daily in the morning, starting on the estrus day. The blood collections for the measurements of the levels of progesterone began on the estrus day. All the animals that received estrogen on the first day after natural estrus showed the estrus characteristical signals (psychics, turgid uterus and abundant mucus) one day after application. This reduction of estrus interval to only two days can promote the elimination of uterus bacteria (if present), consequently enhancing the reproductive efficiency. Except for the the day of the first follicular wave emergence, all the other studied variables (wave number and length, characteristics of dominant and subordinate follicles and the parameters related to the corpus luteum) were not affected by the application of estrogen on the day after the estrus. The application of estradiol cipionate in crossbred cows one day after the natural estrus promote the emergence of estrus sign two days after the natural estrus, without affecting the characteristics of the next estrous cycle

Global data set of long-term summertime vertical temperature profiles in 153 lakes

peer reviewedClimate change and other anthropogenic stressors have led to long-term changes in the thermal structure, including surface temperatures, deepwater temperatures, and vertical thermal gradients, in many lakes around the world. Though many studies highlight warming of surface water temperatures in lakes worldwide, less is known about long-term trends in full vertical thermal structure and deepwater temperatures, which have been changing less consistently in both direction and magnitude. Here, we present a globally-expansive data set of summertime in-situ vertical temperature profiles from 153 lakes, with one time series beginning as early as 1894. We also compiled lake geographic, morphometric, and water quality variables that can influence vertical thermal structure through a variety of potential mechanisms in these lakes. These long-term time series of vertical temperature profiles and corresponding lake characteristics serve as valuable data to help understand changes and drivers of lake thermal structure in a time of rapid global and ecological change. © 2021, The Author(s)