Is there more to international Diffusion than Culture? An investigation on the Role of Marketing and Industry Variables

Companies employ international diffusion models to assess the local market potential and local diffusion speed to support their decision making on market entry. After their entry into a country, they use the model forecasts for their performance controlling. To this end, empirical applications of international diffusion models aim to link differential diffusion patterns across countries to various exogenous drivers. In the literature, macro- and socioeconomic variables like population characteristics, culture, economic development, etc. have been linked to differential penetration developments across countries. But as companies cannot influence these drivers, their marketing decisions that shape national diffusion patterns are ignored. Is this reasonable? What then, is the role of marketing instruments in an international diffusion context? We address this issue and compare the influence of these prominent exogenous drivers of international diffusion with that of industry and marketing-mix variables. To account for all of these factors and simultaneously accommodate the influence of varying cross-country interactions, we develop a more flexible yet parsimonious model of international diffusion. Finally, to avoid technical issues in implementing spatially dependent error terms we introduce the test concept of Moran's I to international diffusion model. We demonstrate that the lead-lag effect in conjunction with spatial neighborhood effects controls most of the spatial autocorrelation. Using this combined approach we find that --- for cellulars --- industry and marketing-mix variables explain international diffusion patterns better than macro- and socioeconomic drivers. --

Die Wertschöpfungskette des Handels im Zeitalter des Electronic Commerce

In den USA wird ein stark ansteigender Teil der Handelsumsätze im Wege des Electronic Shopping von Konsumenten über das World Wide Web abgewickelt. Folgt die Entwicklung in Deutschland diesem Trend, so sind nachhaltige Strukturveränderungen für Handelsunternehmen zu erwarten. Aufgrund der geringen Transaktionskosten können die traditionellen Handelsfunktionen der physischen Distribution, der Sortimentsgestaltung, der Information und Beratung des Kunden und des Inkassos entbündelt angeboten werden. Es wird gezeigt, wie branchenfremde Marktakteuere als Spezialisten bestimmter Informationsverarbeitungsfunktionen die Leistungen kostengünstiger und besser erbringen können. Aufbauend darauf werden verbleibende strategische Optionen für den Handel diskutiert.In the USA the share of retail sales through Electronic Shopping (WWW) is increasing dramatically. If this trend picks up in Germany soon, one may expect significant structural changes in the retail sector here, too. Due to the low transaction costs in the Electronic Commerce Environment the traditional functions of retailing may be no longer offered bundled only: physical distribution, assortment, informing and consulting the consumer as well as financial transaction function. We show how external players from other economic sectors can provide many of those functions as specialists of information processing better and cheaper. We conclude with some remaining strategic options for traditional retailers

Die Wertschöpfungskette des Handels im Zeitalter des Electronic Commerce - Was eingetreten ist und was dem Handel noch bevorsteht

Vor zehn Jahren untersuchten Albers/Peters (1997) die Einflüsse des eCommerce auf die Wertschöpfungskette im Handel. Seit dieser Zeit ist die Entwicklung weiter vorangeschritten. Neben der erwarteten Entbündelung von Handelsaktivitäten wurde seitdem vor allem die Unterstützung des Kaufprozesses der Konsumenten von branchenfremden Infomediären übernommen. Neue Technologien, Anwendungen und ein geändertes Konsumentenverhalten werden die Effekte noch verstärken und stellen alle heutigen Marktteilnehmer, sowohl Infomediäre als auch Stationär-, Online- und Multichannel-Händler, zukünftig vor noch größere Herausforderungen.Ten years ago Albers/Peters (1997) analyzed the impact of eCommerce on the retail value chain. Since then major change has taken place. Apart from the expected unbundling of several retail activities along the value chain, especially the consumer buying process has been taken online and increasingly supported by new infomediaries. Those new infomediaries have taken the retailer's traditional ground. New technologies, applications and a changing consumer behavior will confront today's market players, infomediaries as well as offline-, online- and multichannelretailers, with even bigger challenges

Is there more to international Diffusion than Culture? An investigation on the Role of Marketing and Industry Variables

Companies employ international diffusion models to assess the local market potential and local diffusion speed to support their decision making on market entry. After their entry into a country, they use the model forecasts for their performance controlling. To this end, empirical applications of international diffusion models aim to link differential diffusion patterns across countries to various exogenous drivers. In the literature, macro- and socioeconomic variables like population characteristics, culture, economic development, etc. have been linked to differential penetration developments across countries. But as companies cannot influence these drivers, their marketing decisions that shape national diffusion patterns are ignored. Is this reasonable? What then, is the role of marketing instruments in an international diffusion context? We address this issue and compare the influence of these prominent exogenous drivers of international diffusion with that of industry and marketing-mix variables. To account for all of these factors and simultaneously accommodate the influence of varying cross-country interactions, we develop a more flexible yet parsimonious model of international diffusion. Finally, to avoid technical issues in implementing spatially dependent error terms we introduce the test concept of Moran's I to international diffusion model. We demonstrate that the lead-lag effect in conjunction with spatial neighborhood effects controls most of the spatial autocorrelation. Using this combined approach we find that - for cellulars - industry and marketing-mix variables explain international diffusion patterns better than macro- and socioeconomic drivers

Korrelation postoperativer kognitiver Defizite mit der minimalen cerebralen Sauerstoffsättigung während Operationen unter Verwendung der Herz-Lungen-Maschine

Neurologische Defizite sind eine häufige Komplikation nach Operationen am Herzen. Die Überwachung der cerebralen Oxygenierung kann schwere neurologische und systemische Komplikationen reduzieren. In dieser Studie soll die Inzidenz postoperativer kognitiver Defizite nach geplanten Herzoperationen, bei denen die Herz-Lungen-Maschine eingesetzt wurde, ermittelt werden, wenn die tiefste cerebrale Sauerstoffsättigung über den in der Literatur empfohlenen unteren Grenzwerten liegt. Insgesamt wurden 35 Patienten in diese prospektive Studie eingeschlossen. Die cerebrale Sauerstoffsättigung wurde kontinuierlich von der Ankunft in der Anästhesie-Einleitung bis zum Ende des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses mittels Nah-Infrarot-Spektroskopie gemessen und über 80% der vor Narkoseeinleitung gemessenen Ausgangswerte und über einem Absolutwert von 55% gehalten. Um postoperative kognitive Defizite festzustellen, wurde mit den Patienten einen Tag vor und fünf Tage nach der Herzoperation eine kognitive Testbatterie durchgeführt. Bei 43% der Studienteilnehmer wurden postoperative kognitive Defizite beobachtet, obwohl der vorgegebene Grenzwert für die cerebrale Sauerstoffsättigung nicht unterschritten wurde. Es wurde zusätzlich eine signifikante Korrelation der minimalen cerebralen Sauerstoffsättigung während des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses mit der Inzidenz und der Schwere der postoperativen kognitiven Defizite festgestellt (p = 0,015). Ein Grenzwert von 65% für die cerebrale Sauerstoffsättigung differenzierte mit einer Sensitivität von 87% und einer Spezifität von 65% Patienten mit postoperativen kognitiven Defiziten von Patienten ohne postoperative kognitive Defizite (p = 0,03). Die cerebrale Sauerstoffsättigung korrelierte außerdem zu den vier untersuchten Zeitpunkten Bypassbeginn (p = 0,017), 30 Minuten Bypassdauer (p = 0,027), 60 Minuten Bypassdauer (p = 0,016) und 90 Minuten Bypassdauer (p = 0,004) mit den postoperativen kognitiven Defiziten. Das Einhalten einer cerebralen Sauerstoffsättigung über 80% der vor Narkoseeinleitung gemessenen Ausgangswerte oder über einen Absolutwert von 55% verhindert nicht das Auftreten von postoperativen kognitiven Defiziten. Auch oberhalb der bislang gültigen Grenzen hängt das Auftreten von postoperativen kognitiven Defiziten wahrscheinlich von der cerebralen Sauerstoffsättigung während des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses ab. Möglicherweise kann die Inzidenz von postoperativen kognitiven Defiziten durch das Einhalten des in dieser Studie ermittelten Grenzwertes für die cerebrale Sauerstoffsättigung von 65% gesenkt werden

Die Wertschöpfungskette des Handels im Zeitalter des Electronic Commerce - Was eingetreten ist und was dem Handel noch bevorsteht

Vor zehn Jahren untersuchten Albers/Peters (1997) die Einflüsse des eCommerce auf die Wertschöpfungskette im Handel. Seit dieser Zeit ist die Entwicklung weiter vorangeschritten. Neben der erwarteten Entbündelung von Handelsaktivitäten wurde seitdem vor allem die Unterstützung des Kaufprozesses der Konsumenten von branchenfremden Infomediären übernommen. Neue Technologien, Anwendungen und ein geändertes Konsumentenverhalten werden die Effekte noch verstärken und stellen alle heutigen Marktteilnehmer, sowohl Infomediäre als auch Stationär-, Online- und Multichannel-Händler, zukünftig vor noch größere Herausforderungen. -- Ten years ago Albers/Peters (1997) analyzed the impact of eCommerce on the retail value chain. Since then major change has taken place. Apart from the expected unbundling of several retail activities along the value chain, especially the consumer buying process has been taken online and increasingly supported by new infomediaries. Those new infomediaries have taken the retailer's traditional ground. New technologies, applications and a changing consumer behavior will confront today's market players, infomediaries as well as offline-, online- and multichannelretailers, with even bigger challenges.eCommerce,Handel,Strategie,Multichannel,Wertschöpfungskette,Konsumentenverhalten

Global carbon budget 2019

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2009–2018), EFF was 9.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.9±0.02 GtC yr−1 (2.3±0.01 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 2.5±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.6 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.4 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in EFF was about 2.1 % and fossil emissions increased to 10.0±0.5 GtC yr−1, reaching 10 GtC yr−1 for the first time in history, ELUC was 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5±0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.5±3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2018, GATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4±0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.6±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 407.38±0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6–10 months indicate a reduced growth in EFF of +0.6 % (range of −0.2 % to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). The data generated by this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2019 (Friedlingstein et al., 2019)

The consolidated European synthesis of CH4 and N2O emissions for the European Union and United Kingdom : 1990-2019

Funding Information: We thank Aurélie Paquirissamy, Géraud Moulas and the ARTTIC team for the great managerial support offered during the project. FAOSTAT statistics are produced and disseminated with the support of its member countries to the FAO regular budget. Annual, gap-filled and harmonized NGHGI uncertainty estimates for the EU and its member states were provided by the EU GHG inventory team (European Environment Agency and its European Topic Centre on Climate change mitigation). Most top-down inverse simulations referred to in this paper rely for the derivation of optimized flux fields on observational data provided by surface stations that are part of networks like ICOS (datasets: 10.18160/P7E9-EKEA , Integrated Non-CO Observing System, 2018a, and 10.18160/B3Q6-JKA0 , Integrated Non-CO Observing System, 2018b), AGAGE, NOAA (Obspack Globalview CH: 10.25925/20221001 , Schuldt et al., 2017), CSIRO and/or WMO GAW. We thank all station PIs and their organizations for providing these valuable datasets. We acknowledge the work of other members of the EDGAR group (Edwin Schaaf, Jos Olivier) and the outstanding scientific contribution to the VERIFY project of Peter Bergamaschi. Timo Vesala thanks ICOS-Finland, University of Helsinki. The TM5-CAMS inversions are available from https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu (last access: June 2022); Arjo Segers acknowledges support from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on behalf of the European Commission (grant no. CAMS2_55). This research has been supported by the European Commission, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (VERIFY, grant no. 776810). Ronny Lauerwald received support from the CLand Convergence Institute. Prabir Patra received support from the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (grant no. JPMEERF20182002) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan. Pierre Regnier received financial support from the H2020 project ESM2025 – Earth System Models for the Future (grant no. 101003536). David Basviken received support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (METLAKE, grant no. 725546). Greet Janssens-Maenhout received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (CoCO, grant no. 958927). Tuula Aalto received support from the Finnish Academy (grants nos. 351311 and 345531). Sönke Zhaele received support from the ERC consolidator grant QUINCY (grant no. 647204).Peer reviewedPublisher PD