Printing Embedded Circuits

Automated manufacturing technologies such as freeform fabrication can greatly reduce the cost and complexity of infrastructure required to manufacture unique devices or invent new technologies. Multi-material freeform fabrication processes under development have the potential to automatically build complete functional devices including electronics. Making this technology available to creative individuals will revolutionize art and invention, but requires extensive simplification and cost reduction of what is still a laboratory technology. The combination of a Fab@Home Model 1 personal fabrication system and commercially available materials allows the demonstration of simple and inexpensive freeform fabrication of functional embedded electrical circuits, and useful devices. Using this approach, we have been able to demonstrate an LED flashlight, functional printed circuit boards in 2-dimensions and 3- dimensions that are actually entirely printed, and a child’s toy with embedded circuitry. These results, and the materials and methods involved in producing them will be presented in detail.Mechanical Engineerin

Printing Food

This paper examines the possible applications of food as a raw material in freeform fabrication, and provides several demonstrations of edible three-dimensional objects. The use of edible materials offers several advantages: First, it opens the door to the application of SFF technology in custom food industry, such as manufacturing of complex confections with specialized geometries and intricate material compositions. For pedagogical purposes, edible materials provide an easily accessible, nontoxic and low cost way to experiment with rapid prototyping techniques using educational systems such as Fab@Home. For more traditional SFF technologies, food materials with appropriate rheological properties can serve as sacrificial, bio-degradable, bio-compatible or recyclable materials for structural support and draft-printing. We have used the Fab@Home personal fabrication system to produce multi-material edible 3D objects with cake frosting, chocolate, processed cheese, and peanut butter. These are just indicative of the range of potential edible materials and applications.Mechanical Engineerin

Rupture and Migration of an Endovascular Stent in the Brachiocephalic Trunk Causing a Vertebral Steal Syndrome

Delayed stent fracture has been observed in many different arteries and may represent a risk factor for restenosis. We describe the case of a delayed rupture of an endovascular brachiocephalic trunk stent. The complete fracture allowed a fragment to migrate distally and tilt, resulting in a hemodynamic pattern similar to that of a prevertebral stenosis with complete inversion of the homolateral vertebral blood flow. The induced vertebral steal syndrome as well as the risk of cerebral embolism was corrected by an aortobrachiocephalic bypass and resection of the ruptured sten

Personality\u27s Influence on Burnout: An Unfinished Puzzle

This study examines the relationship between emotional exhaustion-the main component of burnout-and several facets of the Big Five Factors of personality. Previous research has found small relationships between the Big Five Factors and emotional exhaustion. I hypothesized that the facets of trust, cooperation, orderliness, and self-discipline will have curvilinear relationships with emotional exhaustion. The facets of vulnerability and depression were also hypothesized to moderate the curvilinear relationships between orderliness and self-discipline and emotional exhaustion. Regression analyses only found a curvilinear relationship between order and personal burnout when vulnerability was controlled for. A significant quadratic-by-linear interaction was found between order and vulnerability with personal burnout. Alternative explanations for results are given, implications are discussed, and future research is suggested

High Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in HIV-Infected Persons

Background. Atherosclerosis has been assessed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons by using various methods. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has not been evaluated, however. We studied the cross-sectional prevalence of lower limb PAD in an HIV-infected population. Methods. PAD was assessed using the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire and by measuring the systolic ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABI) at rest and after exercise. Patients with PAD were further evaluated by duplex scan of lower limb arteries. Results. Ninety-two consecutive HIV-infected patients were evaluated (23.9% women; mean age, 49.5 years; 61.9% current smokers). Claudication was reported by 15.2% of the patients. PAD was found in 20.7% of the patients: 9.8% had an abnormal ABI (25% decrease after exercise. Of the patients with PAD, 84.2% were investigated with duplex scan, all of whom had atherosclerotic occlusions or stenoses of the iliac or femoral arteries. Age, diabetes, smoking, and low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were identified as independent predictors of PAD. Conclusions. The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic PAD is high in the HIV-infected population and is much higher than expected (prevalence in the general population, ∼3% at 60 years). This study suggests the presence of an epidemic of PAD ∼20 years earlier in the HIV-infected than in the general population. Larger epidemiological studies are needed to better define risk factors and to evaluate whether PAD is associated with increased mortality, as it is in the general populatio

Low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest improves recovery of elite kayakers following a simulated 1000-m race in a hot environment

This study compared the effects of a low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES; Veinoplus® Sport, Ad Rem Technology, Paris, France), a low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest (LFESCR) and an active recovery combined with a cooling vest (ACTCR) as recovery strategies on performance (racing time and pacing strategies), physiologic and perceptual responses between two sprint kayak simulated races, in a hot environment (∼32 wet-bulb-globe temperature). Eight elite male kayakers performed two successive 1000-m kayak time trials (TT1 and TT2), separated by a short-term recovery period, including a 30-min of the respective recovery intervention protocol, in a randomized crossover design. Racing time, power output, and stroke rate were recorded for each time trial. Blood lactate concentration, pH, core, skin and body temperatures were measured before and after both TT1 and TT2 and at mid- and post-recovery intervention. Perceptual ratings of thermal sensation were also collected. LFESCR was associated with a very likely effect in performance restoration compared with ACTCR (99/0/1%) and LFES conditions (98/0/2%). LFESCR induced a significant decrease in body temperature and thermal sensation at post-recovery intervention, which is not observed in ACTCR condition. In conclusion, the combination of LFES and wearing a cooling vest (LFESCR) improves performance restoration between two 1000-m kayak time trials achieved by elite athletes, in the heat

Hybrid additive manufacturing of 3D electronic systems

A novel hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) technology combining digital light projection (DLP) stereolithography (SL) with 3D micro-dispensing alongside conventional surface mount packaging is presented in this work. This technology overcomes the inherent limitations of individual AM processes and integrates seamlessly with conventional packaging processes to enable the deposition of multiple materials. This facilitates the creation of bespoke end-use products with complex 3D geometry and multi-layer embedded electronic systems. Through a combination of four-point probe measurement and non-contact focus variation microscopy, it was identified that there was no obvious adverse effect of DLP SL embedding process on the electrical conductivity of printed conductors. The resistivity maintained to be less than 4  ×  10−4 Ω centerdot cm before and after DLP SL embedding when cured at 100 °C for 1 h. The mechanical strength of SL specimens with thick polymerized layers was also identified through tensile testing. It was found that the polymerization thickness should be minimised (less than 2 mm) to maximise the bonding strength. As a demonstrator a polymer pyramid with embedded triple-layer 555 LED blinking circuitry was successfully fabricated to prove the technical viability

Formação econômica de Santa Catarina: uma abordagem institucionalista

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia.Este trabalho visa compreender a formação econômica de Santa Catarina sob uma abordagem institucionalista, destacando também as dotações de fatores do estado. Desta forma buscou-se fazer uma interpretação complementar às apresentadas pela maioria das correntes que explicam o caso de desenvolvimento econômico catarinense. Para atingir este objetivo fez-se uma revisão dos principais avanços da teoria institucionalista desde o conceito de custos de transação de Coase, passando pela interpretação histórica de Douglass North e terminando com os incrementos da teoria das dotações de fatores que ajudam a entender como fatores locais como a geografia e a mão-de-obra determinam o caminho seguido pelas decisões econômicas. Além da exposição dos principais conceitos teóricos da abordagem institucionalista o trabalho apresenta e discute as principais correntes teóricas que se propõem a explicar a formação econômica de Santa Catarina. Estas correntes foram divididas no trabalho em três grupos: os schumpeterianos, que atribuem grande importância ao papel do imigrante no sucesso das primeiras manufaturas; os cepalinos, que enfatizam a dependência do estado no comércio desvantajoso com os estados do sudeste brasileiro; e a hipótese de crescimento articulado, que busca entender a formação econômica catarinense como um processo inserido no contexto nacional e, portanto, condicionado e interligado a este. Além da apresentação destas correntes o trabalho busca qualificar as interpretações com argumentos apresentados pela teoria institucionalista e das dotações de fatores. Com isto o trabalho propõe uma nova abordagem para o entendimento das dinâmicas que acabaram por favorecer o aparecimento de núcleos industriais no nordeste do estado, enquanto no planalto se pode observar uma elevada especialização na produção de produtos agrícolas. Dentre os pontos que se tentou explorar pode se destacar a importância das dotações geográficas para a constituição de atividades econômicas mais ou menos concentradas ao longo das regiões do estado. Ainda se pode acrescentar a importância das instituições políticas estarem interessadas em resguardar um bom ambiente de negócios, como foi o caso da política republicana no estado na época de sua formação. A partir desta ótica também se pode observar como o sistema de transporte e as instituições de créditos de adaptaram às condições institucionais do estado que favoreciam determinado tipo de orientação conforme as possibilidades econômicas de cada região do estado. Portanto, espera-se acrescentar à discussão sobre formação econômica de Santa Catarina elementos para que trabalhos seguintes aprofundem as questões referentes a cada um destes pontos que a teoria institucionalista propõe para o entendimento deste processo histórico. The purpose of this work is to understand the economic formation of the Santa Catarina state in Brazil from the institutionalist viewpoint, at the same time emphasizing the state#s endowment factors. Thus it tries to build an additional interpretation to most of the current literature on this question. In order to attain this objective, a review of the developments of the institutionalist theory is initially made, starting with the Coasean transaction cost concepts, going through Douglass North#s interpretation of history, and ending with the idea of factor endowments, which helps to understand how local factors such as geography and labor force constrain the economic decisions. Besides, this work presents and discusses the main current hypotheses on the economic formation of Santa Catarina. They were divided into three groups: Schumpeterians, who give a greater role for the immigrant, for the success of the first manufacturing enterprises; the Cepalians, who emphasize the state dependence on a disadvantageous trade with the southeastern states; and the hypothesis of the joint growth, which sees the economic formation of the state in the national context, thus conditioned and connected to it. Departing from the institutionalist theory, qualified by factor endowments, this work proposes a new hypothesis to explain the emergence of a manufacturing nucleous in the northeastern region of the state, in contrast to the plateau region where a high specialization in agricultural production occurred. Among the issues that were explored thereupon, there is the importance of the geographical endowments for the more or less concentrated localization of economic activities in the regions of the state. Another issue is the importance of the political institutions that were favorable to a good social context for business activities, as it did in the early years of republican policies in the Santa Catarina state. From the same viewpoint, it can be seen that the transportation infrastructure and the credit institutions adjusted to the institutional conditions of the state, which were favorable to specific lines according to the economic possibilities of each region of the state. Therefore, it is hoped that this work may significantly add to the literature on the economic formation of the Santa Catarina state, specially by raising new questions for research

Projeto de intervenção para capacitar enfermeiros para realizar educação permanente da enfermagem nas atividades de imunização

The vaccination rooms in the basic health units are an environment in constant transformation where there is a need for permanent education. As the nurse is an integral part of the nursing team, this study aims to highlight the importance of the permanent education of the nursing team in immunization activities HealthAs salas de vacinas nas unidades básicas de saúde é um ambiente em constante transformação onde existe a necessidade de educação permanente.Sendo o enfermeiro parte integrante da equipe de enfermagem esse estudo visa ressaltar a importância da educação permanente da equipe enfermagem nas atividades de imunização do Centro de Saúde. Capacitar os enfermeiros para desenvolver planejamento de educação permanente para a equipe de enfermagem nas atividades de imunização

Heat acclimatization blunts copeptin responses to hypertonicity from dehydrating exercise in humans.

Acclimatization favors greater extracellular tonicity from lower sweat sodium, yet hyperosmolality may impair thermoregulation during heat stress. Enhanced secretion or action of vasopressin could mitigate this through increased free water retention. Aims were to determine responses of the vasopressin surrogate copeptin to dehydrating exercise and investigate its relationships with tonicity during short and long-term acclimatization. Twenty-three participants completed a structured exercise programme following arrival from a temperate to a hot climate. A Heat Tolerance Test (HTT) was conducted on Day-2, 6, 9 and 23, consisting of 60-min block-stepping at 50% VO2 peak, with no fluid intake. Resting sweat [Na+ ] was measured by iontophoresis. Changes in body mass (sweat loss), core temperature, heart rate, osmolality (serum and urine) and copeptin and aldosterone (plasma) were measured with each Test. From Day 2 to Day 23, sweat [Na+ ] decreased significantly (adjusted P < 0.05) and core temperature and heart rate fell. Over the same interval, HTT-associated excursions were increased for serum osmolality (5 [-1, 9] vs. 9 [5, 12] mosm·kg-1 ), did not differ for copeptin (9.6 [6.0, 15.0] vs. 7.9 [4.3, 14.7] pmol·L-1 ) and were reduced for aldosterone (602 [415, 946] vs. 347 [263, 537] pmol·L-1 ). Urine osmolality was unchanging and related consistently to copeptin at end-exercise, whereas the association between copeptin and serum osmolality was right-shifted (P = 0.0109) with acclimatization. Unchanging urine:serum osmolality argued against increased renal action of vasopressin. In conclusion, where exercise in the heat is performed without fluid replacement, heat acclimatization does not appear to enhance AVP-mediated free water retention in humans