Bond performance of CFRP/steel composites: state of the art review

Over the past decade, CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer) has been established as an excellent strengthening material to use in the metallic structures. Performance of CFRP strengthened steel members is directly dependent on the quality and the integrity of the adhesive bond. However, the insufficient knowledge on the bond behaviour of the CFRP/steel bonded joints is the major drawback in the lacking of real world applications of this system. Bonding procedure, including the surface preparation, different loading conditions and environmental conditions experienced can critically affect the bond behaviour and its performance. Studies have shown that dynamic loadings (fatigue/impact) can contribute to the strength and stiffness reduction of the bond while aggravating the results in severe exposed conditions. Also, these structures are frequently exposed to environmental conditions such as temperature variations, humidity conditions, UV radiation and marine environment. The consequence is severe when these exposure conditions are combined. This paper presents a state of the art review on bond performance of CFRP strengthened steel members for different load effects

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GENIUS: A methodology to define a detailed description of buildings for urban climate and building energy consumption simulations

International audienceUrban canopy parametrisations like the Town Energy Balance TEB solve the urban surface energy balance for a simplified urban morphology in order to provide the lower boundary conditions for atmospheric models in urban areas. The urban surface energy balance is influenced in various ways by physical parameters related to building architecture. The albe-do of the covering materials of roofs and walls is crucial for the radiation balance, the thermal conductivity and thermal capacity of the construction materials influence the heat storage inside the urban fabric. In this study we introduce a methodology to define the characteristics of building architecture with the precision required by state of the art urban canopy parametrisations. The geographical scope of our analysis is France. We assume that the building architecture depends mainly on the urban typology, the building use, the construction period, and the geographical location. Based on a literature survey on architectural practices and building regulation standards in France we define one to three building archetypes for each combination of these four parameters. For each building archetype, information on the construction type of walls and roofs (main materials, insulation, internal and external cover), the glazing ratio, type of windows, presence of shading elements, the air-tightness and presence of a mechanical ventilation system is provided. We perform idealised simulations with TEB to determine the sensitivity of the urban surface energy balance on building architecture. We find that the albedo of the roof and the presence of insulation materials in wall and roof as well as their position with respect to the main wall and roof material are crucial for an accurate simulation of the urban energy balance. Future developments of the architectural database will therefore focus on these parameters