Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Geometric and microstructural analysis of laser CLAD nococralyta coating on stainless steel AISI 316L

[EN] In this work, the NiCoCrAlYTa Alloy was deposited by laser cladding with different processing parameters (flow rate of powder supplied, feed speed and laser power), in order to analyze the effects of processing on the geometry, microstructure and properties of the coating. We have measured the dimensions of the tracks by optical microscopy and computer image analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy microanalysis (EDS) have been used to analyze the microstructure, chemical composition and microhardness variations. The coatings exhibit good geometric aspect ratio without cracks and macro pores, and a good metallurgical bond with the substrate through the dilution zone was obtained; yet there is no a homogeneous columnar dendrite structure that depends on the processing laser. It has been observed that the surface hardness of the coating is twice that of the substrate hardness. The EDS microanalysis evidenced the dilution and mixing of relevant chemical elements such as Fe, Co, Al and Ta with Ni-Cr, generating a gradual variation between substrate and coating which influences the hardening observed at the interface.[ES] En este estudio se ha evaluado recubrimientos de NiCoCrAlYTa depositados sobre AISI 316L mediante la técnica de deposición láser (laser cladding), con diferentes parámetros de proceso (caudal de polvo aportado, velocidad de avance y potencia del láser), con la finalidad de analizar la influencia del procesado sobre la geometría, microestructura y propiedades del recubrimiento. Se ha medido las dimensiones de los recubrimientos mediante microscopía óptica y análisis de imágenes, y se ha estudiado la microestructura, variación de composición química y de microdureza, mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y microanálisis por espectroscopía de energía dispersiva (EDS). Los recubrimientos obtenidos presentan una adecuada relación de aspecto geométrica y no presentan macro defectos importantes, existe una buena unión metalúrgica con el sustrato, con una adecuada área de dilución; no obstante, existe una estructura dendrítica columnar no homogénea que depende del procesado láser. Se ha observado que la dureza en la zona próxima a la superficie del recubrimiento duplica la dureza del sustrato. Los microanálisis por EDS evidencian la disolución y mezcla de elementos químicos relevantes como el Fe, Co, Al y Ta con el Ni-Cr, que generan una variación gradual entre sustrato y recubrimiento que influye en el endurecimiento observado en la intercara del recubrimiento.Los autores agradecen al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España la financiación recibida a través del proyecto de investigación MAT2011-28492-C03 y a la Generalitat Valenciana (ACOMP/2013/114). Este trabajo se ha desarrollado de manera conjunta entre el Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia y el Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial II de la Universidade da Coruña. El Profesor Juan Carlos Pereira Falcón agradece a la Universidad de Carabobo-Venezuela por la beca otorgada para realizar estudios doctorales en la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-España.Pereira-Falcon, JC.; Candel Bou, JJ.; Amado P., JM.; Amigó, V. (2014). Análisis Geométrico y Microestructural de Recubrimientos de NiCoCrAlYTa proyectados por láser sobre láminas de acero inoxidable AISI 316L. Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales. 34(2):209-217. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/93305S20921734

TiAl laser cladding coatings on Ti6Al4V: Tribological characterization

[EN] The Ti6Al4V has proven an important engineering alloy due to its good properties such as the excellent strength, weight ratio, high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. However, the alloy is susceptible to mechanical degradation in applications involving sliding wear or abrasion. In order to improve wear resistance has been deposited by laser cladding on Ti6Al4V alloy a titanium-aluminum intermetallic alloy. For the realization of coatings different process parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding rate and the preheating temperature were optimized. The microstructure of the coatings was evaluated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore tribological properties were obtained, using a ball on disk tribometer, with Al2O3 ball, constant speed of 0.1 m/s, 10 N load at temperature 24 °C and 500 °C. We evaluated 3D surface topography obtained by the wear scar with an inductive contact profilometer and calculating from it the volume removed and the wear rate. The microstructure of the coatings consists of ¿-TiAl phase and ¿2-Ti3Al. The wear test results at room temperature show a lower wear rate for the coatings compared to the substrate. At high temperature the coatings have a higher friction coefficient and a higher rate of wear is obtained when compared with the substrate. The coatings have good metallurgical bond, although the presence of cracks and the different wear mechanisms have an influence on the wear resistance at elevated temperatures.[ES] El Ti6Al4V ha demostrado ser una importante aleación de ingeniería debido a sus buenas propiedades tales como la excelente relación resistencia/peso, alta resistencia a la corrosión y biocompatibilidad. Sin embargo, la aleación es propensa a la degradación mecánica en aplicaciones que implican desgaste por deslizamiento o abrasión. Con la finalidad de mejorar su resistencia al desgaste, se ha desarrollado recubrimientos por laser cladding coaxial sobre láminas de Ti6Al4V, con una aleación de titanio aluminio Ti48Al2Cr2Nb. Para la realización de los recubrimientos se optimizaron diferentes parámetros de proceso, tales como potencia, velocidad de pasada, caudal de polvo suministrado y temperatura de calentamiento del sustrato. Se determinó la microestructura de los recubrimientos obtenidos mediante microscopía óptica (MO), microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y difracción de rayos X (DRX). Por otro lado se obtuvieron propiedades tribológicas mediante ensayos de desgaste utilizando un tribómetro en configuración del tipo bola sobre disco, con bola de Al2O3, velocidad de 0.1 m/s, carga de 10 N, a temperaturas de ensayo de 24 ºC y 500 ºC. La topografía 3D de la huella de desgaste fue obtenida con un perfilómetro inductivo de contacto, a partir de ella el volumen removido y la tasa de desgaste. La microestructura de los recubrimientos se compone de fases ¿-TiAl y ¿2-Ti3Al. En los ensayos de desgaste a temperatura ambiente los resultados muestran una tasa de desgaste menor por parte de los recubrimientos comparados con el sustrato. A elevada temperatura los recubrimientos presentan un mayor coeficiente de fricción, y además, se obtiene una mayor tasa de desgaste cuando se compara con el sustrato. Los recubrimientos presentan buena adherencia en general, observándose que la presencia de grietas influye en la resistencia al desgaste a elevadas temperaturas, así como en los diferentes mecanismos de desgaste observados.Los autores agradecen el apoyo financiero del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España a través del proyecto de investigación MAT2011-28492-C03 y a la Generalitat Valenciana a través del apoyo ACOMP/2014/151. Se agradece además al Dr. José Luis Jordá del Instituto de Tecnología Química de la UPV, por los análisis de difracción de rayos X realizados.Zambrano-Carrullo, JC.; Cárcel González, B.; Pereira-Falcon, JC.; Amigó, V. (2016). Recubrimientos laser cladding de TiAl sobre Ti6Al4V: Caracterización tribológica. Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales. 36(1):45-53. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/93306S455336

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care

Delaying surgery for patients with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection

Not availabl