Biodiversity ecosystem functioning research in freshwater phytoplankton: A comprehensive review of trait-based studies

In an effort to reach a clearer mechanistic understanding of the influence of biological diversity on ecosystem functioning, research in the field is increasingly applying a trait-based approach. In this comprehensive review, I searched for and analyzed studies that focused on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) using a trait-based approach in freshwater phytoplankton from lentic systems (lakes, ponds, reservoirs). I found that this type of studies is very rare and included a plethora of traits, diversity metrics, statistical analyses and study locations that contributed to the high variability in the results they obtained. Overall, trait-based diversity is not a very good predictor of ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic ecosystems. Null relationships between trait-based diversity and ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic systems were the more frequent outcome. When significant, the amount of variation in ecosystem functioning explained by trait-based diversity was small. Still, trait-based research remains a promising approach to increase the mechanistic understanding of BEF relationships. For this purpose, studies directly testing the underlying mechanistic rationale, exploring diversity effects on the temporal stability of ecosystem functions, including multiple functions at a time, focusing more in cell size and shape and confirming the relative importance of individual trait variation for ecosystem functioning are needed.

Highest composition dissimilarity among phytoplankton communities at intermediate environmental distances across high-altitude tropical lakes

Tropical high-altitude lakes are vital freshwater ecosystems for the functioning and dynamics of tropical high-altitude wetlands called páramos, found at over 3300 m above sea level. They play a major role in the hydrogeological cycle and provide important hydrological services such as water storage, and yet they are understudied. Describing the patterns and processes of community composition in these lakes is required to better understand the consequences of their degradation by human activities. In this study we tested the geographical and environmental components of distance–decay relationships in the phytoplankton structure across 24 tropical high-altitude lakes from Southern Ecuador. Phytoplankton composition at the phyla level showed high among-lake variation in the tropical high-altitude lakes from Tres Lagunas. We found no links, however, between the geographic distance and phytoplankton composition. On the contrary, we observed some environmentally related patterns of community structure like redox potential, altitude, water temperature, and total phosphorus. The absence of support for the distance–decay relationship observed here can result from a conjunction of local niche-based effects and dispersal limitations. Phytoplankton community composition in the Tres Lagunas system or any other ecosystem may be jointly regulated by niche-based and neutral forces that still need to be explored. Despite not proving a mechanistic explanation for the observed patterns of community structure, we hope our findings provide understanding of these vulnerable and vital ecosystems. More studies in tropical high-altitude lakes are urgently required

Co-Evolutionary Dynamics of the Bacteria Vibrio sp. CV1 and Phages V1G, V1P1, and V1P2: Implications for Phage Therapy

Bacterial infections are the second largest cause of mortality in shrimp hatcheries. Among them, bacteria from the genus Vibrio constitute a major threat. As the use of antibiotics may be ineffective and banned from the food sector, alternatives are required. Historically, phage therapy, which is the use of bacteriophages, is thought to be a promising option to fight against bacterial infections. However, as for antibiotics, resistance can be rapidly developed. Since the emergence of resistance is highly undesirable, a formal characterization of the dynamics of its acquisition is mandatory. Here, we explored the co-evolutionary dynamics of resistance between the bacteria Vibrio sp. CV1 and the phages V1G, V1P1, and V1P2. Single-phage treatments as well as a cocktail composed of the three phages were considered. We found that in the presence of a single phage, bacteria rapidly evolved resistance, and the phages decreased their infectivity, suggesting that monotherapy may be an inefficient treatment to fight against Vibrio infections in shrimp hatcheries. On the contrary, the use of a phage cocktail considerably delayed the evolution of resistance and sustained phage infectivity for periods in which shrimp larvae are most susceptible to bacterial infections, suggesting the simultaneous use of multiple phages as a serious strategy for the control of vibriosis. These findings are very promising in terms of their consequences to different industrial and medical scenarios where bacterial infections are presen

Species richness, but not phylogenetic diversity, influences community biomass production and temporal stability in a re‐examination of 16 grassland biodiversity studies

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111813/1/fec12432.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111813/2/fec12432-sup-0002-Suppinfo.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111813/3/fec12432-sup-0001-LaySummary.pd

The extent and variability of storm-induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long-term and high-frequency data

The intensity and frequency of storms are projected to increase in many regions of the world because of climate change. Storms can alter environmental conditions in many ecosystems. In lakes and reservoirs, storms can reduce epilimnetic temperatures from wind-induced mixing with colder hypolimnetic waters, direct precipitation to the lake's surface, and watershed runoff. We analyzed 18 long-term and high-frequency lake datasets from 11 countries to assess the magnitude of wind- vs. rainstorm-induced changes in epilimnetic temperature. We found small day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreases in response to strong wind and heavy rain during stratified conditions. Day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreased, on average, by 0.28 degrees C during the strongest windstorms (storm mean daily wind speed among lakes: 6.7 +/- 2.7 m s(-1), 1 SD) and by 0.15 degrees C after the heaviest rainstorms (storm mean daily rainfall: 21.3 +/- 9.0 mm). The largest decreases in epilimnetic temperature were observed >= 2 d after sustained strong wind or heavy rain (top 5(th) percentile of wind and rain events for each lake) in shallow and medium-depth lakes. The smallest decreases occurred in deep lakes. Epilimnetic temperature change from windstorms, but not rainstorms, was negatively correlated with maximum lake depth. However, even the largest storm-induced mean epilimnetic temperature decreases were typicallyPeer reviewe

Storm impacts on phytoplankton community dynamics in lakes

In many regions across the globe, extreme weather events such as storms have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change. Ecological theory predicts that such extreme events should have large impacts on ecosystem structure and function. High winds and precipitation associated with storms can affect lakes via short-term runoff events from watersheds and physical mixing of the water column. In addition, lakes connected to rivers and streams will also experience flushing due to high flow rates. Although we have a well-developed understanding of how wind and precipitation events can alter lake physical processes and some aspects of biogeochemical cycling, our mechanistic understanding of the emergent responses of phytoplankton communities is poor. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis that identifies how storms interact with lake and watershed attributes and their antecedent conditions to generate changes in lake physical and chemical environments. Such changes can restructure phytoplankton communities and their dynamics, as well as result in altered ecological function (e.g., carbon, nutrient and energy cycling) in the short- and long-term. We summarize the current understanding of storm-induced phytoplankton dynamics, identify knowledge gaps with a systematic review of the literature, and suggest future research directions across a gradient of lake types and environmental conditions.Peer reviewe

Storm impacts on phytoplankton community dynamics in lakes

In many regions across the globe, extreme weather events, such as storms, have increased in frequency, intensity and duration. Ecological theory predicts that such extreme events should have large impacts on ecosystem structure and function. For lake ecosystems, high winds and rainfall associated with storms are linked by short term runoff events from catchments and physical mixing of the water column. Although we have a well-developed understanding of how such wind and precipitation events alter lake physical processes, our mechanistic understanding of how these short-term disturbances 48 translate from physical forcing to changes in phytoplankton communities is poor. Here, we provide a conceptual model that identifies how key storm features (i.e., the frequency, intensity, and duration of wind and precipitation) interact with attributes of lakes and their watersheds to generate changes in a lake’s physical and chemical environment and subsequently phytoplankton community structure and dynamics. We summarize the current understanding of storm-phytoplankton dynamics, identify knowledge gaps with a systematic review of the literature, and suggest future research directions by generating testable hypotheses across a global gradient of lake types and environmental conditions.Fil: Stockwell, Jason D.. University of Vermont; Estados UnidosFil: Adrian, Rita. Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; AlemaniaFil: Andersen, Mikkel. Dundalk Institute of Technology; IrlandaFil: Anneville, Orlane. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Bhattacharya, Ruchi. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Burns, Wilton G.. University of Vermont; Estados UnidosFil: Carey, Cayelan C.. Virginia Tech University; Estados UnidosFil: Carvalho, Laurence. Freshwater Restoration & Sustainability Group; Reino UnidoFil: Chang, ChunWei. National Taiwan University; República de ChinaFil: De Senerpont Domis, Lisette N.. Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Países BajosFil: Doubek, Jonathan P.. University of Vermont; Estados UnidosFil: Dur, Gaël. Shizuoka University; JapónFil: Frassl, Marieke A.. Griffith University; AustraliaFil: Gessner, Mark O.. Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; AlemaniaFil: Hejzlar, Josef. Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; República ChecaFil: Ibelings, Bas W.. University of Geneva; SuizaFil: Janatian, Nasim. Estonian University of Life Sciences; EstoniaFil: Kpodonu, Alfred T. N. K.. City University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Lajeunesse, Marc J.. University of South Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Lewandowska, Aleksandra M.. Tvarminne Zoological Station; FinlandiaFil: Llames, Maria Eugenia del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Matsuzaki, Shin-ichiro S.. National Institute for Environmental Studies; JapónFil: Nodine, Emily R.. Rollins College; Estados UnidosFil: Nõges, Peeter. Estonian University of Life Sciences; EstoniaFil: Park, Ho-Dong. Shinshu University; JapónFil: Patil, Vijay P.. US Geological Survey; Estados UnidosFil: Pomati, Francesco. Swiss Federal Institute of Water Science and Technology; SuizaFil: Rimmer, Alon. Kinneret Limnological Laboratory; IsraelFil: Rinke, Karsten. Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research; AlemaniaFil: Rudstam, Lars G.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Rusak, James A.. Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change; CanadáFil: Salmaso, Nico. Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Mach; ItaliaFil: Schmitt, François. Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences; FranciaFil: Seltmann, Christian T.. Dundalk Institute of Technology; IrlandaFil: Souissi, Sami. Universite Lille; FranciaFil: Straile, Dietmar. University of Konstanz; AlemaniaFil: Thackeray, Stephen J.. Lancaster Environment Centre; Reino UnidoFil: Thiery, Wim. Vrije Unviversiteit Brussel; Bélgica. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science; SuizaFil: Urrutia Cordero, Pablo. Uppsala University; SueciaFil: Venail, Patrick. Universidad de Ginebra; SuizaFil: Verburg, Piet. 8National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Nueva ZelandaFil: Williamson, Tanner J.. Miami University; Estados UnidosFil: Wilson, Harriet L.. Dundalk Institute of Technology; IrlandaFil: Zohary, Tamar. Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research; IsraelGLEON 20: All Hands' MeetingRottnest IslandAustraliaUniversity of Western AustraliaUniversity of AdelaideGlobal Lake Ecological Observatory Networ

Contrasted Effects of Diversity and Immigration on Ecological Insurance in Marine Bacterioplankton Communities

The ecological insurance hypothesis predicts a positive effect of species richness on ecosystem functioning in a variable environment. This effect stems from temporal and spatial complementarity among species within metacommunities coupled with optimal levels of dispersal. Despite its importance in the context of global change by human activities, empirical evidence for ecological insurance remains scarce and controversial. Here we use natural aquatic bacterial communities to explore some of the predictions of the spatial and temporal aspects of the ecological insurance hypothesis. Addressing ecological insurance with bacterioplankton is of strong relevance given their central role in fundamental ecosystem processes. Our experimental set up consisted of water and bacterioplankton communities from two contrasting coastal lagoons. In order to mimic environmental fluctuations, the bacterioplankton community from one lagoon was successively transferred between tanks containing water from each of the two lagoons. We manipulated initial bacterial diversity for experimental communities and immigration during the experiment. We found that the abundance and production of bacterioplankton communities was higher and more stable (lower temporal variance) for treatments with high initial bacterial diversity. Immigration was only marginally beneficial to bacterial communities, probably because microbial communities operate at different time scales compared to the frequency of perturbation selected in this study, and of their intrinsic high physiologic plasticity. Such local “physiological insurance” may have a strong significance for the maintenance of bacterial abundance and production in the face of environmental perturbations

Experimental evolution of diversity in heterogeneous environments

Dans ce travail de thèse j'aborde d'un point de vue expérimental le rôle de l'hétérogénéité environnementale (spatiale et temporelle) comme moteur de diversification biologique. Il comporte une synthèse générale sur les principales thématiques abordées pendant ma thèse suivie d'une présentation des publications dérivées de mes propres recherches et de collaborations. Dans la synthèse je commence par présenter la biodiversité, je souligne l'importance d'étudier les conditions qui favorisent son émergence et son maintien pour mieux comprendre son organisation. Je présente le type de diversité biologique sur lequel se concentre mon travail ainsi que l'échelle d'organisation que j'ai considérée: la metacommunauté. J'évoque aussi l'intérêt croissant des écologistes pour prendre en considération les échelles évolutives dans les approches modernes des communautés. Plus loin, je présente l'évolution expérimentale comme l'outil qui m'a permis d'explorer les aspects écologiques et évolutifs du maintien et de l'émergence de la diversité en milieu hétérogène avant d'explorer certains de ces aspects théoriques. Pour finir, j'explore la relation diversité-fonctionnement comme une approche pour étudier les conséquences de l'actuel déclin de la biodiversité. Les trois premiers articles explorent différents aspects de la diversification de la bactérie Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 dans un environnement spatialement hétérogène (métacommunauté) après ~500 générations d'évolution. Les résultats des trois articles sont issus d'une même expérience d'évolution. Dans un premier article, j'ai exploré l'effet du niveau de dispersion sur la diversité régionale. Cette dernière s'est révélée maximale pour des niveaux de dispersion intermédiaires. Ce gradient de diversité à l'échelle régionale était lié avec une plus forte productivité résultant d'une meilleure complémentarité écologique. Dans le deuxième, j'ai mesuré la diversité à l'échelle locale (communautés) et j'ai montré une augmentation de la diversité pour des niveaux de dispersion intermédiaires (mass-effect) mais qui n'aboutit pas à une plus forte productivité. Cet article souligne l'importance de considérer l'échelle ainsi que les mécanismes de coexistence pour comprendre la relation entre diversité et fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Dans le troisième (en préparation) j'explore l'effet de la dispersion sur le patron d'adaptation locale. Les résultats préliminaires montrent qu'un patron d'adaptation locale n'est pas un résultat obligé de l'évolution en milieu spatialement hétérogène. Le niveau de dispersion semble modifier considérablement le patron d'adaptation avec une plus forte adaptation locale moyenne pour des niveaux de dispersion intermédiaire. Le quatrième article présente une nouvelle expérience d'évolution avec laquelle j'ai exploré le rôle du grain environnemental dans l'émergence et le maintien de la diversité dans un environnement temporellement fluctuant. Après ~300 générations d'évolution j'ai constaté que les traitements de grain intermédiaire présentaient la plus haute diversité. En temps que collaborateur j'ai également participé à la rédaction d'un article de revue sur le concept de spécialisation en écologie. Cet article inclut une synthèse des différentes définitions de ce concept ainsi que des méthodes pour la mesurer. Pour finir j'ai participé à la réalisation d'une expérience avec des bactéries marines Méditerranéennes visant à explorer la dynamique évolutive de la relation biodiversité-fonction dans des conditions favorisant soit la spécialisation écologique soit l'émergence de généralistes. Après 64 jours d'évolution, le résultat général est une relation positive entre productivité et richesse spécifique des assemblages. L'évolution de généralistes aboutit à une productivité moyenne plus forte que chez les spécialistes alors que la pente de la relation diversité –fonction est plus forte pour des spécialistes.In this work I propose an experimental approach to the study of the impact of spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity on biological diversification. It is composed of two main parts: first, a general review of the principal subjects I have explored during my thesis and then a presentation of the manuscripts from my own research and from different collaboration projects. In the synthesis I first present what is biological diversity (Biodiversity) and I underline the importance of considering the conditions to its emergence and maintenance in the understanding of its organization. I present the kind of diversity I'm interested in and the scale of organization I have considered: metacommunities. I also present the interest of current ecology research in including evolutionary processes on the modern concept of communities. Then, I present experimental evolution as a tool allowing the exploration of the ecological and evolutionary aspects of the maintenance and emergence of diversity in heterogeneous environments and I also present some of its theoretical aspects. Finally, I explore the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship as a way to explore the consequences of diversity erosion. The first three manuscripts explore different aspects of a ~500 generation experiment of diversification of the bacteria Pseudomonnnas fluorescens SBW25 in a spatially heterogeneous environment (metacommunities). On the first manuscript, I have explored the effect of dispersal on regional diversity. The results show that diversity was maximal for intermediate dispersal levels. This gradient of diversity at the regional scale was positively related to a higher productivity as a result of higher ecological complementarity among genotypes. In a second article, I have measured the local diversity. The result was a higher increase in diversity at intermediate dispersal levels (mass-effect) but with no impact on productivity. This article underlines the importance of considering the mechanisms of coexistence when studying the diversity-ecosystem functioning relationship. Then, I present the preliminary results on the impact of dispersal on the pattern of local adaptation. The results show that a pattern of local adaptation is not an obligate outcome of evolution in spatially heterogeneous environments. Intermediate dispersal levels enhanced the emergence of local adaptation patterns. On a fourth article, I present the results of an experimental test of effect of the environmental grain on the emergence and maintenance of diversity in a temporally fluctuating environment by using Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. After ~300 generations of evolution, I have found that diversification was maximal at an intermediate environmental grain. I have also collaborated in the writing of a review about ecological specialization concept. This synthesis includes the different available definitions of ecological diversification and the different methods used to measure it. Finally, I have participated in an experiment using Mediterranean Sea bacteria exploring the dynamics of the diversity-ecosystem functioning relationship under too different selective scenarios favoring either specialization or the evolution of generalists. After 64 days of evolution, the result was a positive relationship between species richness and productivity for both specialists and generalists. Generalists performed better than specialists for any species richness level while the steepness of the relationship was higher for specialists

Phylogenetic distance and species richness interactively affect the productivity of bacterial communities

Our understanding of how biodiversity influences ecosystem functioning is entering a new stage of its development through the incorporation of information about the evolutionary relatedness of species. Bacteria are prime providers of essential ecosystem services, representing an excellent model system to perform biodiversity-ecosystem function research. By using bacteria isolated from petroleum contaminated sites we show that communities composed of poorly related species were more productive than those containing highly related species. The nature of the forces controlling this positive effect of phylogenetic diversity on community productivity depended on the number of species in culture. In communities of two species the positive effect of phylogenetic diversity on productivity was driven by changes in the selection effect. Communities of two distantly related species were dominated by the most productive species in monoculture whereas communities of two closely related species were dominated by the less productive species in monoculture. In communities of four species the positive effect of phylogenetic diversity on productivity was driven by changes in the complementarity effect. In communities composed of four distantly related species the influence of positive interactions such as facilitation, cross-feeding and niche partitioning seemed to overweight the influence of negative interactions such as interference. As a consequence the proportion of species favored by the presence of other species increased as they got less related. Multiple facets of biodiversity may influence ecosystem functioning. Here, we present evidence of an interaction between phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity on community productivity, underlining the importance of considering multiple aspects of biodiversity when studying its impact on ecosystem functioning