CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM AS A NATURAL TECHNOLOGY TO REMEDIATE WASTEWATER

Constructed wetlands (CW) is a natural technology having eco-friendly technique of treatment of wastewater and it has been applied to various kind of wastewater like industrial wastewater, municipal wastewater, agriculture drainage, acid mine drainage, etc. In last decades, Constructed wetlands are being applied for treating many classes of Pollutants present in wastewater such as heavy metals, textile dyes, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, explosives, radionuclides, etc. This treatment method overcomes the shortcomings of conservative wastewater treatment method as it is a cost-effective, non-intrusive and eco-centric technology. In addition, an attempt has been taken to project future advances in the field of CW and facilitate these advances by framing key unsolved problems in CW. This review covers the evaluation of the current status-of-the-art of CW technology and provides definitions and performance metric nomenclature in an effort to unify the fast-growing CW community. It also contains an outlook on the emerging trends in CW and proposes future research and development directions. Wetland behavior and efficiency concerning wastewater treatment is mainly linked to macrophyte configuration, substrate, hydrology, surface loading rate, influent feeding mode, microorganism availability, and temperature

Evaluation of Shear Wall-RC Frame Interaction of High-Rise Buildings using 2-D model Approach

The usefulness of structural walls in the framing of buildings has long been recognized. It is generally preferred to use shear wall in combination with moment resisting frame. In the present study, an effort is also made to investigate the shear wall-RC frame interaction using 2-D modeling of 20, 30 and 35 storey RC frame building with shear wall. In equivalent simplified 2-D model, two exterior frames with shear wall modeled as single frame with double stiffness, strength and weight. The interior frames without shear wall are modeled as a single frame with equivalent stiffness, strength and weight. The modeled frames are connected with rigid link at each floor level. Using 2-D plane frame model the lateral force distribution between Exterior frame with shear wall and Interior frame without shear wall is investigated. From the analysis, it is observed that up to bottom seven/eight storey more than 50% load is taken by frame with shear wall and the lower most three storeys take about 75% of total storey shear

Comparison of infraclavicular brachial plexus block with supraclavicular brachial plexus block in upper limb surgeries using peripheral nerve stimulator

Background: The supraclavicular approach to brachialplexus block (SCB) is indicated for operations of upper extremity distal to the shoulder; the infraclavicular block (ICB) is indicated for operations of distal arm, elbow, wrist, and hand. Objective of the study was to compare the infraclavicular brachial plexus block with supraclavicular brachial plexus block in upper limb surgeries using peripheral nerve stimulator.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 78 patients, 39 in each group in infraclavicular block and supraclavicular block, posted for various upper limb surgeries on elective or emergency basis and compare both the groups for block performance time, onset of block, quality of block, duration of block, pulse rate, mean arterial pressure post-operative complication.Results: Duration of surgery, quality of block and success rate was almost similar in both the groups. The block performance time for infraclavicular block was more as compared to supraclavicular block. The duration of block is more in infraclavicular group as compared to supraclavicular group. The onset of sensory blockade, as well as motor blockade, was slightly earlier in supraclavicular group. Hemodynemic parameters were also almost similar in both groups. Our study encounters higher number of complications among supraclavicular group.Conclusions: Supraclavicular route require less time to perform the block and have a rapid onset of sensory and motor block, but the duration of sensory and motor blockage is less as compared to infraclavicular route. Both the groups have a similar quality of block and success rate, but the supraclavicular route is associated with various complications compared to infraclavicular route

Epidural labor analgesia: a comparison of mixture of ropivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl versus ropivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl

Background: Ropivacaine is more selective for sensory fibers when compared to other local anesthetics, producing less motor block. This permits better maternal ambulation and also allows for normal progression of labor, which translates into lesser instrumental deliveries and higher vaginal deliveries. Objective was to evaluate 0.125% versus 0.2% ropivacaine, with 2 μg/ml of fentanyl in epidural labor analgesia, regarding their sensory and motor block characteristics.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 40 patients, 20 in each group [group A (0.125% ropivacaine with 2 µg/ml fentanyl), group B (0.2% ropivacaine with 2 µg/ml fentanyl)], for epidural labor analgesia in obstetrics and gynecology department (labor room). The efficacy of the drugs was tested by comparing the onset of analgesia, duration of labor analgesia, dose requirement, pulse, BP, sensory effect, motor effect, FHR, APGAR score and side effects.Results: Total duration of labor analgesia was 230.25 minutes with 55.68 SD and 186.25 minutes with 57.7 SD in group A and group B respectively (p<0.05). The total dose of ropivacaine used was 81.00 mg and 68.50 mg in group A and B respectively (p<0.05). Total dose of fentanyl required was 94.50 µg and 73.50 µg in group A and group B respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant difference found in hemodynamic parameters in both groups.Conclusions: Both the concentrations are effective in producing epidural labor analgesia. However, onset of analgesia was significantly faster with 0.2% ropivacaine. The required dose of ropivacaine was significantly higher in 0.125% ropivacaine. 0.2% ropivacaine shorten the duration of labor compared to 0.125% ropivacaine

Caesarean section in a tertiary care centre

Background: Caesarean section constitutes a major surgical procedure characterized with morbidity even if it is performed a planned procedure. Postoperative infection in obstetrics continues to affect the practice of every surgeon. Infection can cause an increase in patient’s stay in the hospital, create discomfort, cause disfigurement and lead to morbidities to the patient. Thus, preventive measures need to be constantly evaluated and updated and hence authors have to study and analyse prevalence of postoperative infectious morbidities.Methods: The study was conducted in an Urban Based Medical College Hospital in Ahmedabad. It was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 50 cases of patients who suffered infectious complications post caesarean from 1st March 2019 to 31st March 2020.Results: The prevalence rate of surgical site infection in my study is 5.9% whereas of post-operative puerperal sepsis is 0.6%, of post-operative urinary tract infection is 1.09%, of post-operative breast abnormalities is 0.16%. The most common infectious morbidity amongst all was surgical site infection (surgical site) infection and its prevalence was 5.9%.Conclusions: The development of post-operative infection is an important event that can be prevented by taking proper precautions and following prescribed guidelines. There should be specific use of antibiotics in the post-operative period. In the event of early signs of sepsis antibiotics should be administered properly as per culture sensitivity report. The decrease in infection rate also indirectly reduce the health costs involved in treating them post operatively

MRM2 and MRM3 are involved in biogenesis of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome

Defects of the translation apparatus in human mitochondria are known to cause disease, yet details of how protein synthesis is regulated in this organelle remain to be unveiled. Ribosome production in all organisms studied thus far entails a complex, multistep pathway involving a number of auxiliary factors. This includes several RNA processing and modification steps required for correct rRNA maturation. Little is known about the maturation of human mitochondrial 16S rRNA and its role in biogenesis of the mitoribosome. Here we investigate two methyltransferases, MRM2 (also known as RRMJ2, encoded by FTSJ2) and MRM3 (also known as RMTL1, encoded by RNMTL1), that are responsible for modification of nucleotides of the 16S rRNA A-loop, an essential component of the peptidyl transferase center. Our studies show that inactivation of MRM2 or MRM3 in human cells by RNA interference results in respiratory incompetence as a consequence of diminished mitochondrial translation. Ineffective translation in MRM2- and MRM3-depleted cells results from aberrant assembly of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome (mt-LSU). Our findings show that MRM2 and MRM3 are human mitochondrial methyltransferases involved in the modification of 16S rRNA and are important factors for the biogenesis and function of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome

Sustained proliferation in cancer: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets

Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of many signal transduction pathways also stimulates cell growth. Early steps in tumor development are associated with a fibrogenic response and the development of a hypoxic environment which favors the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. Part of the survival strategy of cancer stem cells may manifested by alterations in cell metabolism. Once tumors appear, growth and metastasis may be supported by overproduction of appropriate hormones (in hormonally dependent cancers), by promoting angiogenesis, by undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by triggering autophagy, and by taking cues from surrounding stromal cells. A number of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, brassinin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagitannins, lycopene and quercetin) have been found to inhibit one or more pathways that contribute to proliferation (e.g., hypoxia inducible factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, Wnt, cell cycle associated proteins, as well as androgen and estrogen receptor signaling). These data, in combination with bioinformatics analyses, will be very important for identifying signaling pathways and molecular targets that may provide early diagnostic markers and/or critical targets for the development of new drugs or drug combinations that block tumor formation and progression

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Aspirin and Esomeprazole Magnesium in Tablet Dosage Form

A simple, specific, precise, and accurate reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of aspirin and esomeprazole magnesium in tablet dosage forms. The separation was achieved by HyperChrom ODS-BP C18 column (200 mm × 4.6 mm; 5.0 μm) using acetonitrile: methanol: 0.05 M phosphate buffer at pH 3 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid (25 : 25 : 50, v/v) as eluent, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was carried out at wavelength 230 nm. The retention times of aspirin and esomeprazole magnesium were 4.29 min and 6.09 min, respectively. The linearity was established over the concentration ranges of 10–70 μg/mL and 10–30 μg/mL with correlation coefficients (r2) 0.9986 and 0.9973 for aspirin and esomeprazole magnesium, respectively. The mean recoveries were found to be in the ranges of 99.80–100.57% and 99.70–100.83% for aspirin and esomeprazole magnesium, respectively. The proposed method has been validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied to the estimation of aspirin and esomeprazole magnesium in their combined tablet dosage form