Molasses, cassava and cottonseed meal as supplements to fresh and ensiled sugarcane tops

Foram realizados experimentos para determinar a resposta de crescimento do gado Zebu e Holandês aos olhos de cana frescos ou ensilados suplementados e não suplementados. Os suplementos estudados foram o melaço, mandioca e farelo de algodão. Os ganhos de peso do gado alimentado com silagem sem suplemento foram significativamente mais baixos do que os que se alimentaram com olhos de cana frescos sem suplemento. Os dados sobre a utilização da energia, contudo, indicaram que o problema ligava-se à palatalidade e não à utilização do nutriente. Os olhos de cana frescos apenas, mantiveram o peso corporal, enquanto que o gado recebendo silagem perdeu peso. Nem o melaço, nem as raízes de mandioca fornecidos na dose de 0,5 kg por 100 kg de peso corporal tiveram qualquer efeito estimulante como suplemento dos olhos de cana. O farelo de algodão, por sua vez, causou um estímulo de 0,78 kg por cabeça e por dia, quando fornecido na mesma dose. Os valores de energia líquida para manutenção e produção foram determinados para os olhos de cana e para o farelo de algodão por uma técnica comparativa de abate, usando a gravidade específica das carcaças de um grupo inicial servido como amostra, sendo todos os animais abatidos no fim do estudo. A energia líquida para a manutenção dos olhos de cana, tanto frescos como ensilados foi 1,04 megcal por kg de matéria seca, enquanto que a energia liquida para a produção foi 0,46 megcal por kg de matéria seca. Os valores correspondentes para o farelo de algodão foram 1,62 e 1,27 megcal por kg de matéria seca. Dessa forma, para manutenção os olhos de cana valeram 64% de farelo de algodão como uma fonte de energia, mas para a produção, os olhos de cana valeram apenas 36% do valor do farelo de algodão.A 2 x 2 x 4 factorially designed experiment involving fresh and ensiled sugar cane tops, Holstein and Zebu cattle, and no supplement, molasses, cassava roots and cottonseed meal was conducted for a period of 112 days. The Holstein cattle averaged 264 kg in body weight initially, and the Zebus weighed an average of 246 kg initially. Six head from each breed were slaughtered to determine initial body composition by the specific gravity technique. The mean shrunk weight of the animals slaughtered was 257 kg for the Holsteins and 251 kg for the Zebus. The Holsteins contained 9.9% body fat at the start of the experiment, and the Zebus contained 8.6% fat. This difference was not statistically significant. Animals were fed in groups of three, with the fresh or ensiled cane tops allowed ad libitum and the supplements fed at their rate of 0.5 kg of supplement per 100 kg of body weight. Including all animals and all supplements, those animals fed silage ate significantly less dry matter and gained significantly less than those fed fresh cops. The consumption of either molasses or cassava roots with fresh or ensiled tops caused a significant drop in dry matter consumption from cane tops. The dry matter consumed form the supplement, however, was sufficient to maintain the daily weight change when compared to no supplement. There was no significant difference, therefore, in the gains of the usupplemented animals and those fed molasses or cassava roots. Thus, a cottonseed meal supplement of 0.5 kg per 100 kg of body weight caused an average stimulation of weight gain of 0.78 kg per day. Although there was no significant difference between Holsteins and Zebus in shrunk weight gain, there was a significant difference using gain in empty body weight. The failure of the shrunk weight gain to show a difference between breeds is due to the difference in reticulo-rumen fill, the Zebus having less fill than the Holsteins. The Zebus were also fatter, and caused a greater energy retention than that of the Holsteins. It appears from this comparison that, on a dry matter basis, fresh or ensiled sugarcane tops are comparable to Bermudagrass hay in energy value. The cottonseed meal used in this trial had a net energy for production comparable to barley or corn but a lower value for maintenance

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Global mangrove soil organic carbon stocks dataset at 30 m resolution for the year 2020 based on spatiotemporal predictive machine learning.

This dataset presents global soil organic carbon stocks in mangrove forests at 30 m resolution, predicted for 2020. We used spatiotemporal ensemble machine learning to produce predictions of soil organic carbon content and bulk density (BD) to 1 m soil depth, which were then aggregated to calculate soil organic carbon stocks. This was done by using training data points of both SOC (%) and BD in mangroves from a global dataset and from recently published studies, and globally consistent predictive covariate layers. A total of 10,331 soil samples were validated to have SOC (%) measurements and were used for predictive soil mapping. We used time-series remote sensing data specific to time periods when the training data were sampled, as well as long-term (static) layers to train an ensemble of machine learning model. Ensemble models were used to improve performance, robustness and unbiasedness as opposed to just using one learner. In addition, we performed spatial cross-validation by using spatial blocking of training data points to assess model performance. We predicted SOC stocks for the 2020 time period and applied them to a 2020 mangrove extent map, presenting both mean predictions and prediction intervals to represent the uncertainty around our predictions. Predictions are available for download under CC-BY license from 10.5281/zenodo.7729491 and also as Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs (global mosaics)

An interlaboratory comparison of mid-infrared spectra acquisition: Instruments and procedures matter

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been extensively employed to deliver timely and cost-effective predictions of a number of soil properties. However, although several soil spectral laboratories have been established worldwide, the distinct characteristics of instruments and operations still hamper further integration and interoperability across mid-infrared (MIR) soil spectral libraries. In this study, we conducted a large-scale ring trial experiment to understand the lab-to-lab variability of multiple MIR instruments. By developing a systematic evaluation of different mathematical treatments with modeling algorithms, including regular preprocessing and spectral standardization, we quantified and evaluated instruments' dissimilarity and how this impacts internal and shared model performance. We found that all instruments delivered good predictions when calibrated internally using the same instruments' characteristics and standard operating procedures by solely relying on regular spectral preprocessing that accounts for light scattering and multiplicative/additive effects, e.g., using standard normal variate (SNV). When performing model transfer from a large public library (the USDA NSSC-KSSL MIR library) to secondary instruments, good performance was also achieved by regular preprocessing (e.g., SNV) if both instruments shared the same manufacturer. However, significant differences between the KSSL MIR library and contrasting ring trial instruments responses were evident and confirmed by a semi-unsupervised spectral clustering. For heavily contrasting setups, spectral standardization was necessary before transferring prediction models. Non-linear model types like Cubist and memory-based learning delivered more precise estimates because they seemed to be less sensitive to spectral variations than global partial least square regression. In summary, the results from this study can assist new laboratories in building spectroscopy capacity utilizing existing MIR spectral libraries and support the recent global efforts to make soil spectroscopy universally accessible with centralized or shared operating procedures.ISSN:0016-7061ISSN:1872-625

A estética do grotesco e a produção audiovisual para a educação em saúde: segregação ou empatia? O caso das leishmanioses no Brasil Aesthetics of the grotesque and audiovisual production for health education: segregation or empathy? The case of leishmaniasis in Brazil

Buscando compreender a produção de imagens sobre saúde e doença e seus efeitos de aprendizagem resultante da educação em saúde mediada pelos vídeos educativos, o artigo analisa a produção audiovisual sobre as leishmanioses no Brasil. Com base no estudo de 14 vídeos educativos, verificou-se a predominância de um discurso técnico-científico e uma estética do grotesco. Observou-se a hegemonia do modelo televisivo-espetacular, em particular o padrão do telejornalismo, com o uso constante de voz off, indutora da fixação de sentidos. Ao invés de estimular a reflexão crítica sobre as circunstâncias sociais do adoecimento, a prática discursiva e imagética dos vídeos encoraja a sua banalização, tanto pela abordagem pouco criteriosa da doença como pela construção de representações estereotipadas. Há a exposição visual de pessoas doentes e não o protagonismo crítico e sensível das populações implicadas. O artigo apresenta, então, com base nos estudos sobre a antropologia visual e da saúde, argumentos para uma abordagem inovadora na produção e utilização de vídeos educativos, e da educação em saúde mediada pelo audiovisual. Esta deve respeitar e dialogar com as culturas, a subjetividade e a cidadania, desenvolvendo estéticas audiovisuais (narrativas e imagéticas) como práxis educativa no campo da saúde coletiva.<br>In order to understand audiovisual production on health and disease and the pedagogical effects of health education mediated by educational videos, this article analyzes the audiovisual production on leishmaniasis in Brazil. Fourteen educational videos showed the hegemony of TV aesthetics, particularly a journalistic paradigm with constant use of voice-over, inducing the fixation of meanings. Rather than stimulating critical reflection on the social circumstances of leishmaniasis, the videos' discourse and images promote a banal, non-critical, stigmatized representation of the disease. Individuals with the disease are subjected to visual exposure rather than being involved critically and sensitively as protagonists in prevention and treatment. The article thus presents approaches based on studies of visual and health anthropology, arguing in favor of an innovative approach to the production and utilization of educational videos in health education, mediated through audiovisuals. Health education should respect and engage in dialogue with various cultures, subjectivity, and citizenship, developing an audiovisual aesthetics (in terms of narrative and image) that fosters an educational praxis in the field of collective health

Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine

Brazil has a monitoring system to track annual forest conversion in the Amazon and most recently to monitor the Cerrado biome. However, there is still a gap of annual land use and land cover (LULC) information in all Brazilian biomes in the country. Existing countrywide efforts to map land use and land cover lack regularly updates and high spatial resolution time-series data to better understand historical land use and land cover dynamics, and the subsequent impacts in the country biomes. In this study, we described a novel approach and the results achieved by a multi-disciplinary network called MapBiomas to reconstruct annual land use and land cover information between 1985 and 2017 for Brazil, based on random forest applied to Landsat archive using Google Earth Engine. We mapped five major classes: forest, non-forest natural formation, farming, non-vegetated areas, and water. These classes were broken into two sub-classification levels leading to the most comprehensive and detailed mapping for the country at a 30 m pixel resolution. The average overall accuracy of the land use and land cover time-series, based on a stratified random sample of 75,000 pixel locations, was 89% ranging from 73 to 95% in the biomes. The 33 years of LULC change data series revealed that Brazil lost 71 Mha of natural vegetation, mostly to cattle ranching and agriculture activities. Pasture expanded by 46% from 1985 to 2017, and agriculture by 172%, mostly replacing old pasture fields. We also identified that 86 Mha of the converted native vegetation was undergoing some level of regrowth. Several applications of the MapBiomas dataset are underway, suggesting that reconstructing historical land use and land cover change maps is useful for advancing the science and to guide social, economic and environmental policy decision-making processes in Brazil

An interlaboratory comparison of mid-infrared spectra acquisition: Instruments and procedures matter

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been extensively employed to deliver timely and cost-effective predictions of a number of soil properties. However, although several soil spectral laboratories have been established worldwide, the distinct characteristics of instruments and operations still hamper further integration and interoperability across mid-infrared (MIR) soil spectral libraries. In this study, we conducted a large-scale ring trial experiment to understand the lab-to-lab variability of multiple MIR instruments. By developing a systematic evaluation of different mathematical treatments with modeling algorithms, including regular preprocessing and spectral standardization, we quantified and evaluated instruments' dissimilarity and how this impacts internal and shared model performance. We found that all instruments delivered good predictions when calibrated internally using the same instruments' characteristics and standard operating procedures by solely relying on regular spectral preprocessing that accounts for light scattering and multiplicative/additive effects, e.g., using standard normal variate (SNV). When performing model transfer from a large public library (the USDA NSSC-KSSL MIR library) to secondary instruments, good performance was also achieved by regular preprocessing (e.g., SNV) if both instruments shared the same manufacturer. However, significant differences between the KSSL MIR library and contrasting ring trial instruments responses were evident and confirmed by a semi-unsupervised spectral clustering. For heavily contrasting setups, spectral standardization was necessary before transferring prediction models. Non-linear model types like Cubist and memory-based learning delivered more precise estimates because they seemed to be less sensitive to spectral variations than global partial least square regression. In summary, the results from this study can assist new laboratories in building spectroscopy capacity utilizing existing MIR spectral libraries and support the recent global efforts to make soil spectroscopy universally accessible with centralized or shared operating procedures