Rural school as a resource for the intellectual and labour potential formation of the rural society

© 2016 by iSER, International Society of Educational Research.The relevance of the research problem is reasoned by the need to create conceptual grounds of life organization variants in the rural school as a resource of intellectual and labor potential formation of rural society taking into account the socio-economic realities of Russia's development in the beginning of the twenty-first century, as well as by the need to maintain the competitiveness of Russia in the agricultural sector. The aim of this article is to present the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the model of the rural school system “school-employer-society”, to disclose terms and principles of its construction. A leading approach to the study of this problem is poly paradigm approach implying a dialectical unity of systematic, integrative and differentiated, activity and competence, technological and axiological approaches, the totality of which is directed on problem solving how to transform a rural school into building and strengthening resource of intellectual and labor potential of rural society. The article reveals the author's understanding of the concepts “intellectual potential of rural society”, “labor potential of rural society”, presents the formulation of the theoretical and methodological terms, conditions and principles of constructing a model of the rural school as a resource to form intellectual and labor potential of rural society, reveals the peculiarities of the model, which first of all is oriented on rural school student's comprehensive training for independent activity in the conditions of market economy in agrarian society

Изучение отверждения полиуретановых покрытий методом ик-спектроскопии

The results of the study of the curing process of polyurethane compositions with participation of two different catalysts by the method of IR spectroscopy are given. The time dependences of curing of polyurethane coatings from concentrations of catalysts were determined, on the basis of which the most effective catalyst was selected.Приведены результаты исследования процесса отверждения полиуретановых композиций с участием двух различных катализаторов методом ИК-спектроскопии. Определены временные зависимости отверждения полиуретанового покрытия от концентраций катализаторов, по которым выбран наиболее эффективный катализатор

SCREENING OF STRAINS OF REGIONAL SPECIALIZED COLLECTION ALKANOTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS TO RESISTANCE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Bacterial tolerance and ability to adapt to organic solvents can be of valuable importance in biocatalytic and bioremediation processes. Rhodococcus strains have high resistant to hydrocarbon compounds. The studies have shown different ability to survive and morphological characteristics of cells Rhodococcus after reaction with n-decane, n-hexane, 1-butanol and ethanol.Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного задания Минобрнауки России 6.1194.2014/K

Пространственная организация объектов энергетики: особенности и перспективы развития (на примере белорусской практики)

The paper considers spatial organization of energy facilities with an emphasis on modern practice of the Republic of Belarus. The efficiency of enterprise operation in any industry including power industry is largely due to their architectural and planning organization. Knowledge of mechanisms and specific features of the changes taking place here makes it possible to justify a promising strategy for project activities, and therefore, it allows to manage development processes of the industry and thereby avoid many negative consequences. Energy facilities are a typological unit of industrial architecture, their formation has been started due to transition of industrial production to electric energy. Today the typology shows functional approach in architectural shaping, it includes a fairly large variety of constituent units and demonstrates a tendency towards diversification. In Belarus energy facilities in the architectural aspect of their classification are limited mostly to thermal power plants operating on different types of fuel. Currently the diversification is developing in the following areas: construction of hydropower facilities (small plants on reservoirs, medium power plants, low-pressure plants, run-of-the-river hydraulic power stations), alternative energy (wind power stations, photovoltaic power stations and biogas plants) and conventional energy (thermal power plant, mini-combined heat and power plant operating on renewable fuel). The results of Belarusian practice in construction of all types of facilities (hydropower, alternative and conventional energy), peculiarities of the architectural and planning organization of facilities at the current stage, correlation with global trends in the development of industrial architecture have been characterized in the paper. The paper has determined typological features of alternative energy facility architecture, opportunities and directions for implementation of architectural approaches, problems and prospects to develop scientific support for the project process.В статье рассматривается пространственная организация объектов энергетики с акцентом на современную практику Республики Беларусь. Эффективность функционирования предприятий любой отрасли, в том числе энергетической, в значительной степени обусловлена их архитектурно-планировочной организацией. Знание механизмов и особенностей происходящих здесь изменений дает возможность обосновывать перспективную стратегию проектной деятельности, а значит, позволяет управлять процессами развития отрасли и тем самым избежать многих негативных последствий. Объекты энергетики являются типологической группой промышленной архитектуры, их формирование началось в связи с переходом промышленного производства на электрическую энергию. Сегодня типология отражает функциональный подход в архитектурном формообразовании, включает достаточно большое многообразие составляющих единиц и демонстрирует тенденцию к диверсификации. В Беларуси объекты энергетики в архитектурном аспекте их классификации были представлены достаточно ограничено, основную массу составляли теплофикационные электростанции, работающие на разных видах топлива. В настоящее время диверсификация получила развитие в таких направлениях, как строительство объектов гидроэнергетики (малые станции на водохранилищах и станции средней мощности, низконапорные, русловые, на реках), альтернативной энергетики (ветроэлектростанции, фотоэлектрические станции и биогазовые установки) и традиционной энергетики (ТЭС и мини-ТЭЦ на возобновляемом топливе). Охарактеризованы результаты белорусской практики строительства объектов всех направлений (гидроэнергетика, альтернативная и традиционная энергетика), особенности архитектурно-планировочной организации объектов на современном этапе, корреляция с общемировыми тенденциями развития промышленной архитектуры. Определены типологические признаки архитектуры объектов альтернативной энергетики, возможности и направления практической реализации архитектурных подходов, проблемы и перспективы развития научного сопровождения проектного процесса

Получение новых ионитов на основе полиакрилонитрильного волокна Нитрон С

New ion exchangers based on polyacrylonitrile fiber were obtained by catalytic amination of nitrile groups with tetraethylenepentaamine and pentaethylenehexaamine. Chelating ion exchangers with aminodiacetic functional groups were obtained on the base of these materials. The acid-base parameters of the functional groups of obtained ion exchangers were determined by potentiometric titration: initial polyampholytes have a high anion exchange capacity (Eb = 4.5–5.5 m-eq/g) distributed between three types of groups with pKa equal to 3.3, 6.2 and 9.2, and a cation exchange capacity with Ea ≈ 1 m-eq/g and pKa ≈ 10.7; chelating ion exchangers on their base contain three types of acid groups with pKa approximately equal to 3.5, 6.0, 10.5 and two types of anion-exchange groups with pKa equal to 2.0 and 6.0. Initial polyampholytes have a high efficiency in the processes of air purification from acidic impurities (experimental data for sulfur dioxide), chelating ion exchangers – in the processes of water purification from heavy metal ions.Получены новые волокнистые иониты путем каталитического аминирования нитрильных групп полиакрилонитрильного волокна тетраэтиленпентаамином и пентаэтиленгексаамином. На их основе получены хелатные иониты с аминодиацетатными функциональными группами. Методом потенциометрического титрования определены кислотно-основные параметры функциональных групп ионитов, полученных в оптимальных условиях: исходные полиамфолиты имеют высокую анионообменную емкость (Еb = 4,5–5,5 м-экв/г), распределенную между тремя видами групп с рКа равными 3,3, 6,2 и 9,2, и катионообменную емкость Еа ≈ 1 м-экв/г с рКа ≈ 10,7; хелатные иониты на их основе содержат три вида кислотных групп с рКа ≈ 3,5, 6,0, 10,5 и два типа анионообменных групп с рКа = 2,0 и 6,0. Показана эффективность исходных полиамфолитов при очистке воздуха от примесей кислотной природы (на примере диоксида серы), хелатных ионитов – при очистке воды от ионов тяжелых металлов

ВЛИЯНИЕ МЕТОДОВ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ НА ПИЩЕВУЮ ЦЕННОСТЬ КУЛИНАРНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ ИЗ РЫБЫ

Thermal treatment of products is the main technique in the technological process of cooking articles. The common thermal cooking treatment is followed by weight losses in semi-prepared and ready-made produce. One of the alternatives to solve the problem is raw stock thermal treatment in an automatic steam convector, there being the possibility to employ different techniques of produce making in the same operating chamber using steam and circulating air. The paper covers the data on the examined effect of the thermal treatment methods on qualitative indices of zander and hake cooking stuffs. Steam cooking convective device ПKA6–1/3П (SCD6–1/3S) is established to be employed in making cooking stuffs, which decreases losses of weight and food substances, makes the technological process and control simple. The data give grounds to believe that organoleptic indices of zander and hake samples made in the automatic steam convector appeared higher versus the control. It is identified that the dry substances weight share of the zander and hake treated in the automatic steam convector is higher by 9 and 4%, respectively, on average. Fat weight share of the first and second variants samples, those treated in the automatic steam convector, is somewhat lower (by 5–6%) versus the samples made with the common technique.Тепловая обработка продуктов является основным приемом в  технологическом процессе производства кулинарных изделий. Традиционная тепловая кулинарная обработка сопровождается существенными потерями массы полуфабрикатов и  готовой продукции. Одним из альтернативных вариантов решения данной проблемы является тепловая обработка сырья в пароконвектомате, в одной рабочей камере которого при использовании пара и циркулирующего воздуха возможно применять различные способы приготовления продукции. В работе изложены результаты исследований влияния методов тепловой обработки на качественные показатели кулинарной продукции, приготовленной из судака и хека. Установлено, что использование паро- варочно-конвективного аппарата ПКА6–1/3П в приготовлении кулинарной продукции существенно повышает качество готовых изделий, снижает потери массы и пищевых веществ, упрощает технологический процесс и контроль за ним. Результаты исследований дают основание считать, что органолептические показатели образцов судака и хека, приготовленных в пароконвектомате, оказались выше по сравнению с контролем. Определено, что массовая доля сухих веществ судака и хека, обработанных в пароконвектомате, выше в среднем на 9 и 4% соответственно по сравнению с контролем. Массовая доля жира в образцах первого и второго вариантов, приготовленных в пароконвектомате, несколько ниже (на 5–6%) по сравнению с образцами, приготовленными традиционным способом

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНОГО РАССОЛА ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА МЕЛКОКУСКОВЫХ ПОЛУФАБРИКАТОВ ИЗ МЯСА СВИНИНЫ

Rationale is shown to use balsam fir (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a biologically active component to enrich small-sized semi-prepared food of pork. The choice of (Pinus sylvestris L.) fir balsam as the brine component is determined by the rich content of volatile oils, organic acids, vitamins and tanning agents in the balm composition. Based on the chemical composition of the components the formulation of the brine with the fir balsam added is designed. The work expounds the data of sodium cloridum and fir balsam effects on physicochemical changes in the pork, the changes in physicochemical indices were additionally determined in cooled and defrosted pork when brined conventionally and with the fir balsam added. It is proved that the fir balsam added to the brine composition displays inhibiting properties under lipids oxidation in brinepickled semi-prepared foods of pork. It is identified that the fir balsam added influences enzymatic systems and changes physicochemical properties of muscle proteins, develops flavor and aroma properties and enhances the output of ready-made food.Показана целесообразность использования хвои сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в качестве биологически активного компонента для обогащения мелкокусковых полуфабрикатов из мяса свинины. Выбор хвои сосны обыкновенной в качестве компонента рассола обусловлен богатым содержанием в её составе эфирных масел, органических кислот, витаминов, дубильных веществ. На основании анализа химического состава компонентов разработана рецептура рассола с добавлением хвойного экстракта. В работе изложены результаты исследований влияния хлорида натрия и экстракта хвои на физико-химические изменения мяса свинины, дополнительно определены изменения физико-химических показателей в охлажденной и размороженной свинине при традиционном посоле и  посоле с  использованием экстракта хвои. Доказано, что использование хвойного экстракта в составе рассола проявляет ингибирующие свойства при окислении липидов в соленом полуфабрикате из мяса свинины. Установлено, что добавление экстракта хвои влияет на ферментативные системы и изменяет физико-химические свойства мышечных белков, формирует вкусоароматические свойства, повышает хранимоспособность и увеличивает выход готовой продукции

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

State of the climate in 2013

In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific Ocean and a negative Pacific decadal oscillation pattern in the North Pacific had the largest impacts on the global sea surface temperature in 2013. The North Pacific reached a historic high temperature in 2013 and on balance the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was among the 10 highest on record. Overall, the salt content in nearsurface ocean waters increased while in intermediate waters it decreased. Global mean sea level continued to rise during 2013, on pace with a trend of 3.2 mm yr-1 over the past two decades. A portion of this trend (0.5 mm yr-1) has been attributed to natural variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation as well as to ongoing contributions from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets and ocean warming. Global tropical cyclone frequency during 2013 was slightly above average with a total of 94 storms, although the North Atlantic Basin had its quietest hurricane season since 1994. In the Western North Pacific Basin, Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest tropical cyclone of 2013, had 1-minute sustained winds estimated to be 170 kt (87.5 m s-1) on 7 November, the highest wind speed ever assigned to a tropical cyclone. High storm surge was also associated with Haiyan as it made landfall over the central Philippines, an area where sea level is currently at historic highs, increasing by 200 mm since 1970. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide all continued to increase in 2013. As in previous years, each of these major greenhouse gases once again reached historic high concentrations. In the Arctic, carbon dioxide and methane increased at the same rate as the global increase. These increases are likely due to export from lower latitudes rather than a consequence of increases in Arctic sources, such as thawing permafrost. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the first time since measurements began in 1958, the daily average mixing ratio of carbon dioxide exceeded 400 ppm on 9 May. The state of these variables, along with dozens of others, and the 2013 climate conditions of regions around the world are discussed in further detail in this 24th edition of the State of the Climate series. © 2014, American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)