Meta-analysis of SHANK Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Gradient of Severity in Cognitive Impairments.

International audienceSHANK genes code for scaffold proteins located at the post-synaptic density of glutamatergic synapses. In neurons, SHANK2 and SHANK3 have a positive effect on the induction and maturation of dendritic spines, whereas SHANK1 induces the enlargement of spine heads. Mutations in SHANK genes have been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but their prevalence and clinical relevance remain to be determined. Here, we performed a new screen and a meta-analysis of SHANK copy-number and coding-sequence variants in ASD. Copy-number variants were analyzed in 5,657 patients and 19,163 controls, coding-sequence variants were ascertained in 760 to 2,147 patients and 492 to 1,090 controls (depending on the gene), and, individuals carrying de novo or truncating SHANK mutations underwent an extensive clinical investigation. Copy-number variants and truncating mutations in SHANK genes were present in ∼1% of patients with ASD: mutations in SHANK1 were rare (0.04%) and present in males with normal IQ and autism; mutations in SHANK2 were present in 0.17% of patients with ASD and mild intellectual disability; mutations in SHANK3 were present in 0.69% of patients with ASD and up to 2.12% of the cases with moderate to profound intellectual disability. In summary, mutations of the SHANK genes were detected in the whole spectrum of autism with a gradient of severity in cognitive impairment. Given the rare frequency of SHANK1 and SHANK2 deleterious mutations, the clinical relevance of these genes remains to be ascertained. In contrast, the frequency and the penetrance of SHANK3 mutations in individuals with ASD and intellectual disability-more than 1 in 50-warrant its consideration for mutation screening in clinical practice

Genome-wide Analyses Identify KIF5A as a Novel ALS Gene

To identify novel genes associated with ALS, we undertook two lines of investigation. We carried out a genome-wide association study comparing 20,806 ALS cases and 59,804 controls. Independently, we performed a rare variant burden analysis comparing 1,138 index familial ALS cases and 19,494 controls. Through both approaches, we identified kinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) as a novel gene associated with ALS. Interestingly, mutations predominantly in the N-terminal motor domain of KIF5A are causative for two neurodegenerative diseases: hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG10) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2). In contrast, ALS-associated mutations are primarily located at the C-terminal cargo-binding tail domain and patients harboring loss-of-function mutations displayed an extended survival relative to typical ALS cases. Taken together, these results broaden the phenotype spectrum resulting from mutations in KIF5A and strengthen the role of cytoskeletal defects in the pathogenesis of ALS.Peer reviewe

Etude du rôle des récepteurs nucléaires des oxystérols LXR alpha et LXR bêta dans la physiologie de la reproduction chez la souris femelle

Cholesterol is an essential nutrient although toxic in excess, naturally converted into oxysterols. LXRs (Liver X Receptor) α and β are nuclear receptors for oxysterols which have a hypocholesterolemiant role and control many physiologic functions. Our aim was to study their role in female reproductive physiology. In the ovary, ovulation induction in lxrα;β-/- mice caused an ovarian hyperstimulation (OHSS), characterized by ovarian enlargement, vascular troubles and increased hormonal sensitivity. Besides, LXRs control estradiol production. In the uterus, we pointed the existence of a specific function for LXRβ. Lxrβ-/- mice present an abnormal sequestration of cholesteryl esters in myocytes associated with an uterine contractility defect. These data point for the first time the importance of the LXRs in female reproductive function and will help in the future to understand mechanisms involved in fertility defects due to alimentary disequilibrium.Le cholestérol, élément nutritif indispensable mais toxique en excès, est naturellement converti en oxystérols. Les LXRs (Liver X Receptor) α et β sont les récepteurs nucléaires des oxystérols ayant un rôle hypocholestérolémiant et contrôlant plusieurs fonctions physiologiques. Notre but a été d'étudier leur rôle dans la reproduction chez la femelle. Dans l'ovaire, l'induction de l'ovulation chez des souris lxrα;β-/- provoque une hyperstimulation ovarienne (OHSS), caractérisée par une augmentation de la masse, des troubles vasculaires et de la sensibilité hormonale. Les LXRs contrôlent de plus l'oestradiolémie. Au niveau utérin, nous montrons un rôle spécifique de LXRβ. Les souris lxrβ-/- présentent une séquestration anormale d'esters de cholestérol dans les myocytes associée à un défaut de contractilité utérine. Cette étude montre l'importance des LXRs dans la reproduction chez la femelle et permettra de comprendre le lien entre déséquilibre alimentaire et troubles de la fertilité

Etude du rôle des récepteurs nucléaires des oxystérols LXR alpha et LXR bêta dans la physiologie de la reproduction chez la souris femelle

Le cholestérol, élément nutritif indispensable mais toxique en excès est naturellement converti en oxystérols. Les LXR (Liver X Receptor) alpha et bêta sont les récepteurs nucléaires des oxystérols ayant un rôle hypocholestérolémiant et contrôlant plusieurs fonctions physiologiques. Notre but a été d'étudier leur rôle dans la reproduction chez la femelle. Dans l'ovaire, l'induction de l'ovulation chez des souris lxralphabêta provoque une hyperstimulation ovarienne (OHSS), caractérisée par une augmentation de la masse des troubles vasculaires et de la sensibilité hormonale. Les LXRs contrôlent de plus l'oestradiolémie. Au niveau utérin, nous montrons un rôle spécifique de LXR bêta. Les souris lxrbêta présenrent une séquestration anormale d'esters de cholestérol dans les myocytes associée à un défaut de contractilité utérine. Cette étude montre l'importance des LXRs dans la reproduction chez la femelle et permettra de comprendre le lien entre déséquilibre alimentaire et troubles de la fertilitéCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Genetic variations related to inflammation in suicidal ideation and behavior: A systematic review

International audienceBackground/objectives: Immune-inflammatory changes have been found in all types of suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB), independently of associated mental disorders. Since several Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) affect the function of inflammation-related genes, we searched the literature for genetic variations potentially altering inflammatory processes in SIB. Methods: We included studies that looked for associations between SIB and SNPs in genes related to inflammatory processes. Case reports, literature reviews, and animal studies were excluded. Articles were retrieved from PubMed and PsycINFO databases, Google Scholar and GreySource Index until September 17th, 2022. Quality was assessed using Q-Genie. Results: We analyzed 32 studies. SIB has been associated with eighteen SNPs located in genes encoding for interleukin-8 (rs4073), C-reactive protein (rs1130864), tumor necrosis factor α (rs1800629, rs361525, and rs1099724), tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (rs1061622), transforming growth factor β-1 (rs1982073), acid phosphatase 1 (rs7419262, rs300774), interleukin-10 (rs1800896), interferon γ (rs2430561), amino-carboxy muconate semialdehyde decarboxylase (rs2121337), interleukin 7 (rs10448044, rs10448042), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (rs755622), interleukin 1-α (rs1800587), and interleukin 1-β (rs1143634 and rs16944. A genome-wide association study reported one association at the threshold of significance with the rs300774 SNP, located in the 2p25 region containing ACP1 gene. Discussion: The studies included were methodologically and clinically diverse and of moderate quality. Their findings suggest that some inflammation-related SNPs could increase the likelihood of SIB but the evidence to date is insufficient. Further research using gene-gene (GxG) and gene-environment (GxE) approaches is warranted. Systematic review registration [ https://www.crd.york.ac.uk ], identifier [CRD42022296310]

Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: What Role Do Liver X Receptors Play in Neurodegenerative Diseases?

International audienceLiver X Receptors (LXR) alpha and beta are two members of nuclear receptor superfamily documented as endogenous cholesterol sensors. Following conversion of cholesterol in oxysterol, both LXR isoforms detect intracellular concentrations and act as transcription factors to promote expression of target genes. Among their numerous physiological roles, they act as central cholesterol-lowering factors. In the central nervous system (CNS), cholesterol has been shown to be an essential determinant of brain function, particularly as a major constituent of myelin and membranes. In the brain, LXRs act as cholesterol central regulators, and, beyond this metabolic function, LXRs have additional roles such as providing neuroprotective effects and lowering neuroinflammation. In many neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), dysregulations of cholesterol and oxysterol have been reported. In this paper, we propose to focus on recent advances in the knowledge of the LXRs roles on brain cholesterol and oxysterol homeostasis, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and their putative involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss their potential use as candidates for both molecular diagnosis and as promising pharmacological targets in the treatment of ALS, AD, or MS patients

Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with biallelic c.757delG mutation of sorbitol dehydrogenase gene

International audienceMutation in the sorbitol dehydrogenase gene (SORD) has been recently described to cause axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), intermediate CMT, and distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN). We herein report the case of a 24-year-old patient diagnosed with juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS) who carried the homozygous c.757delG mutation in SORD. No other pathogenic variant in frequent JALS-causative genes was found. Our findings expand the phenotype related to SORD mutation, a new and potentially treatable genetic disease

Premature termination codons in SOD1 causing Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are predicted to escape the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay

International audienceAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and severe adult-onset motoneuron disease and has currently no effective therapy. Approximately 20% of familial ALS cases are caused by dominantly-inherited mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which represents one of the most frequent genetic cause of ALS. Despite the overwhelming majority of ALS-causing missense mutations in SOD1, a minority of premature termination codons (PTCs) have been identified. mRNA harboring PTCs are known to be rapidly degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which limits the production of truncated proteins. The rules of NMD surveillance varying with PTC location in mRNA, we analyzed the localization of PTCs in SOD1 mRNA to evaluate whether or not those PTCs can be triggered to degradation by the NMD pathway. Our study shows that all pathogenic PTCs described in SOD1 so far can theoretically escape the NMD, resulting in the production of truncated protein. This finding supports the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency is not an underlying mechanism of SOD1 mutant-associated ALS and suggests that PTCs found in the regions that trigger NMD are not pathogenic. Such a consideration is particularly important since the availability of SOD1 antisense strategies, in view of variant treatment assignment