Discourse Ambits of Hypocritical Lover in Hadiqat al-Haqiqa by Sanai Based on Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Analysis Theory

With the development of linguistics in the world of literature, the topic of discourse has grown as well and to the extent that such theorists as Fairclough, Penny Cook, Fowler, Van Dijk, Laclau, and Mouffe have put forward their approaches in this area. Among them, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe were the ones who put forward their discourse theory by a post-structuralism approach in politics in the book of hegemony and socialist strategy with a semantic expansion consisting of a set of concepts and systematic structural creation. The purpose of this article is to explore discourse fields and analyze critical discourse in Hypocritical Lover of the fifth chapter of Sana'i's Hadiqaht by the approach of Laclau and Mouffe and identifying the central signifiers and elaborating the elements in the text to identify Sana'i's discursive function in how his verbal actions are applied. The method of analysis in this article is analytical and descriptive and finally, it is concluded Sana'i has marginalized the central signifier of the hypocritical lover because of a close relationship with contemporary rulers by highlighting moments and creating new meanings to weaken the opposite power

Investigating the mediating role of Self-Differentiation in the relationship between Self-Esteem and Body Image in women

Abstract:Purpose: the purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Self-Differentiation between the Self-Esteem and Body image. Methods: this is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the present study includes all Married Women living in Tehran in 2020. That 211 of them were selected by available sampling method and they completed the Body Image Scale, Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Differentiation Questionnaire. the data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation and Path Analysis. Results: the results showed that there is a significant relationship between Body Image, Self-Differentiation and Self-Esteem (p<0.05), and Self-Differentiation in the relationship between Self-Esteem and Body Image, play a mediating role. Conclusion: it can be concluded that Self-Differentiation as a mediator can modify the relationship between Self-Esteem and Body Image. Therefore, the emphasis on Self-Differentiation training can be considered in order to reduce the effects of negative Body Image. The results are discussed.

Improving Phosphorus Availability and Wheat Yield in Saline Soil of the Lake Urmia Basin through Enriched Biochar and Microbial Inoculation

To reduce requirements for conventional chemical fertilizer and alleviate salinity stress in soils, a glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the effects of enriched biochar on phosphatase activity, microbial respiration and wheat yield in non-saline and saline soils from the Lake Urmia basin (electrical conductivities 2 dS.m(-1) and 15 dS.m(-1), respectively). Nine treatments were tested: control, 1:1 mixture of apple and grape biochars (BC), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), BC plus PSB (BC-PSB), BC plus rock phosphate (BC-RP), BC enriched by rock phosphate and bacteria (BC-RP-PSB), BC enriched by rock phosphate and HCl (BC-RP-HCl) or H3PO4 (BC-RP-H3PO4) and chemical fertilizer (TSP). The addition of enriched biochar decreased the soil pH (by 0.5-0.9 units) and increased available phosphorus (>7-fold). In both the saline and non-saline soils, the highest alkaline phosphatase activity was obtained for BC-H3PO4-RP and BC-HCl-RP. Wheat growth parameters were reclaimed after enriched biochar application, indicating superior dry matter yields compared to the control and non-enriched biochar treatments and significantly higher yields compared to TSP. Beneficial effects on soil pH, phosphatase activity, soil respiration and biomass yield demonstrated that enriched biochar could partly substitute chemical fertilizers and increase plant growth in salt stress conditions. However, further field studies are needed to understand the benefits of enriched biochar in different soils and climates

Effect of Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina egg antigens on induction of eosinophilia in animal model

زمینه و هدف: توکسوکاراها و توکساسکاریس انگل روده سگ و گربه می باشند که لارو آن ها باعث ایجاد ائوزینوفیلی در انسان می شود. در این تحقیق به صورت اختصاری تأثیر آنتی ژن های تخم برخی از این انگل ها بر ایجاد ائوزینوفیلی بررسی شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی تعداد 54 سر موش سوری در شش گروه قرار گرفتند. به گروه های مورد، آنتی ژن تخم توکسوکارا کانیس یا توکساسکاریس لئونینا بدون ادجونت از راه داخل صفاقی و یا همراه با ادجوانت فروندز از راه زیر جلدی تزریق شد. گروه های شاهد هیچ تزریقی دریافت نکردند. هر تزریق سه بار با فاصله زمانی دو هفته تکرار و بعد از هر تزریق، شمارش گلبول های سفید از نمونه های خونی انجام شد. یافته ها: اختلافی بین میانگین گلبول های سفید شامل لنفوسیت ها، ائوزینوفیل ها، نوتروفیل ها، مونوسیت ها و بازوفیل ها در گروه های مورد در مقایسه با گروه های شاهد مشاهده نگردید. نتیجه گیری: بر خلاف لاروها، آنتی ژن های انگل های مورد مطالعه باعث ائوزینوفیلی در موش ها نشدند؛ با این حال تحقیقات بیشتری در این خصوص توصیه می گردد

Effect of Resistant Starch and β-Glucan Combination on Oxidative Stability, Frying Performance, Microbial Count and Shelf Life of Prebiotic Sausage During Refrigerated Storage

Svrha je ovog istraživanja bila procijeniti svojstva dvaju tipova prebiotičkih kobasica, pripremljenih s rezistentnim škrobom i ekstraktom β-glukana (u omjerima 2,216:1,328 i 2,75:1,875), tijekom prženja i skladištenja pri niskim temperaturama. Određeni su indeksi oksidacijske stabilnosti i broj mikroorganizama. Dodatak dvaju prebiotičkih dijetalnih vlakana povećao je gubitke pri prženju i adsorpciju ulja. Međutim, količina vlage u prebiotičkim kobasicama nakon proizvodnje bila je veća u usporedbi sa standardnim (neprebiotičkim) kobasicama, te se postepeno smanjivala tijekom skladištenja. Rezultati pokazuju da dodatak preporučenog omjera rezistentnog škroba i β-glukana (2,216:1,328) može dovesti do smanjenja oksidacije masti u kobasicama tijekom skladištenja zbog antioksidacijskih svojstava ekstrakta β-glukana, no dodatak većih količina rezistentnog škroba i β-glukana nije moguć zbog daljnjeg porasta oksidacije masti. Konačan broj živih stanica rastao je do četrdeset i petog dana, nakon čega je došlo do njegovog postepenog pada. Dodatak ekstrakta β-glukana poboljšao je antioksidacijska svojstva proizvoda. Također, njegov antimikrobni učinak i smanjenje udjela vlage mogli bi inhibirati rast mikroorganizama. Nadalje, dodatak rezistentnog škroba doveo je do povećanja tiobarbiturnog i peroksidnog broja.This study aims to evaluate the performance of two types of prebiotic sausages formulated with resistant starch (RS) and β-glucan (BG) extract (in ratios of 2.22:1.33 and 2.75:1.88) during frying and chilled storage. The oxidative stability indices and microbial counts were determined. The incorporation of two types of prebiotic dietary fibre increased frying loss and oil absorption. However, the moisture content of prebiotic sausages after production was higher than of conventional sausages and it decreased significantly during storage. The use of sausage sample containing 2.22 % RS and 1.33 % BG as a recommended formulation can decrease fat oxidation of sausages during storage due to antioxidant properties of BG extract, but higher levels of RS and BG could not be used due to further increase in fat oxidation. Total viable count increased up to day 45 and decreased afterwards. The addition of BG extract improved the antioxidant properties of sausages. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of BG and moisture reduction could inhibit microbial growth. Moreover, the addition of RS caused an increase in thiobarbituric acid and peroxide values

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Burden of injury along the development spectrum : associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation