1,780 research outputs found
Investigations on T violation and CPT symmetry in the neutral kaon system -- a pedagogical approach --
During the recent years experiments with neutral kaons have yielded
remarkably sensitive results which are pertinent to such fundamental phenomena
as CPT invariance (protecting causality), time-reversal invariance violation,
coherence of wave functions, and entanglement of kaons in pair states. We
describe the phenomenological developments and the theoretical conclusions
drawn from the experimental material. An outlook to future experimentation is
indicated.Comment: 41 pages, 9 figures. See arXiv:hep-ph/0603075 for an enlarged versio
Development of a key performance indicator system to benchmark relative paratransit performance
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. US transit agencies are therefore required to offer services to eligible customers that complement the mobility opportunities provided to the general public on fixed-route public transit. While these paratransit services are necessary and just, they represent a proportionally large cost to agencies: approximately eight times the cost per boarding compared to fixed-route bus service. To be able to identify opportunities for (cost) efficiencies, and to further improve the quality of paratransit services offered, the twenty agencies of the American Bus Benchmarking Group (ABBG) decided to benchmark their relative performance in paratransit management and operations. To ensure comparability of agencies’ performance and hence ensure the usefulness of the benchmarking program, a key performance indicator system was developed and associated data items were defined in detail. The scope of this system went beyond the data already provided to the National Transit Database, both in amount and granularity of data collected, as well as the detail of definitions. This paper describes the challenges, respective solutions, and other lessons identified during four years of paratransit benchmarking development led by Imperial College London, the ABBG facilitators. The paper provides transit agencies and authorities as well as benchmarking practitioners and academics an opportunity to apply these lessons for the further benefit of paratransit services and their customers around the U.S
Casimir Force at a Knife's Edge
The Casimir force has been computed exactly for only a few simple geometries,
such as infinite plates, cylinders, and spheres. We show that a parabolic
cylinder, for which analytic solutions to the Helmholtz equation are available,
is another case where such a calculation is possible. We compute the
interaction energy of a parabolic cylinder and an infinite plate (both perfect
mirrors), as a function of their separation and inclination, and ,
and the cylinder's parabolic radius . As , the proximity force
approximation becomes exact. The opposite limit of corresponds to a
semi-infinite plate, where the effects of edge and inclination can be probed.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, uses RevTeX; v2: expanded conclusions; v3: fixed
missing factor in Eq. (3) and incorrect diagram label (no changes to
results); v4: fix similar factor in Eq. (16) (again no changes to results
(Dodecafluorosubphthalocyaninato)(4-methylphenolato)boron(III)
In the title compound, C31H7BF12N6O, molecules are arranged into one-dimensional columns with an intermolecular B⋯B distance of 5.3176 (8) Å. Bowl-shaped molecules are arranged within the columns in a concave bowl-to-ligand arrangement separated by a ring centroid distance of 3.532 (2) Å between the benzene ring of the 4-methylphenoxy ligand and one of the three five-membered rings of a symmetry-related molecule
Energy, Central Charge, and the BPS Bound for 1+1 Dimensional Supersymmetric Solitons
We consider one-loop quantum corrections to soliton energies and central
charges in the supersymmetric and sine-Gordon models in 1+1
dimensions. In both models, we unambiguously calculate the correction to the
energy in a simple renormalization scheme and obtain ,
in agreement with previous results. Furthermore, we show that there is an
identical correction to the central charge, so that the BPS bound remains
saturated in the one-loop approximation. We extend these results to arbitrary
1+1 dimensional supersymmetric theories.Comment: 15 pages, RevTeX; v2: generalized energy result, added minor
clarifications, and fixed typos; v3: more minor clarifications and
corrections; v4: fixed factor of 2 in eq. (25); v5: fixed minor error in eq.
(55
Integral Field Spectroscopy of HH 262: The Spectral Atlas
HH 262 is a group of emitting knots displaying an "hour-glass" morphology in
the Halpha and [SII] lines, located 3.5' to the northeast of the young stellar
object L1551-IRS5, in Taurus. We present new results of the kinematics and
physical conditions of HH 262 based on Integral Field Spectroscopy covering a
field of 1.5'x3', which includes all the bright knots in HH 262. These data
show complex kinematics and significant variations in physical conditions over
the mapped region of HH 262 on a spatial scale of <3". A new result derived
from the IFS data is the weakness of the [NII] emission (below detection limit
in most of the mapped region of HH 262), including the brightest central knots.
Our data reinforce the association of HH 262 with the redshifted lobe of the
evolved molecular outflow L1551-IRS5. The interaction of this outflow with a
younger one, powered by L1551 NE, around the position of HH 262 could give rise
to the complex morphology and kinematics of HH 262.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
State-dependent diffusion: thermodynamic consistency and its path integral formulation
The friction coefficient of a particle can depend on its position as it does
when the particle is near a wall. We formulate the dynamics of particles with
such state-dependent friction coefficients in terms of a general Langevin
equation with multiplicative noise, whose evaluation requires the introduction
of specific rules. Two common conventions, the Ito and the Stratonovich,
provide alternative rules for evaluation of the noise, but other conventions
are possible. We show the requirement that a particle's distribution function
approach the Boltzmann distribution at long times dictates that a drift term
must be added to the Langevin equation. This drift term is proportional to the
derivative of the diffusion coefficient times a factor that depends on the
convention used to define the multiplicative noise. We explore the consequences
of this result in a number examples with spatially varying diffusion
coefficients. We also derive path integral representations for arbitrary
interpretation of the noise, and use it in a perturbative study of correlations
in a simple system.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, Accepted to PR
Evaporation and condensation of spherical interstellar clouds. Self-consistent models with saturated heat conduction and cooling
Shortened version: The fate of IS clouds embedded in a hot tenuous medium
depends on whether the clouds suffer from evaporation or whether material
condensates onto them. Analytical solutions for the rate of evaporative mass
loss from an isolated spherical cloud embedded in a hot tenuous gas are deduced
by Cowie & McKee (1977). In order to test the validity of the analytical
results for more realistic IS conditions the full hydrodynamical equations must
be treated. Therefore, 2D numerical simulations of the evolution of IS clouds
%are performed with different internal density structures and surrounded by a
hot plasma reservoir. Self-gravity, interstellar heating and cooling effects
and heat conduction by electrons are added. Classical thermal conductivity of a
fully ionized hydrogen plasma and saturated heat flux are considered. Using
pure hydrodynamics and classical heat flux we can reproduce the analytical
results. Heat flux saturation reduces the evaporation rate by one order of
magnitude below the analytical value. The evolution changes totally for more
realistic conditions when interstellar heating and cooling effects stabilize
the self-gravity. Evaporation then turns into condensation, because the
additional energy by heat conduction can be transported away from the interface
and radiated off efficiently from the cloud's inner parts. I.e. that the
saturated heat flux consideration is inevitable for IS clouds embedded in hot
tenuous gas. Various consequences are discussed in the paper.Comment: 16 pages, 24 figures, accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysic
On the Correlations between Galaxy Properties and Supermassive Black Hole Mass
We use a large sample of upper limits and accurate estimates of supermassive
black holes masses coupled with libraries of host galaxy velocity dispersions,
rotational velocities and photometric parameters extracted from Sloan Digital
Sky Survey i-band images to establish correlations between the SMBH and host
galaxy parameters. We test whether the mass of the black hole, MBH, is
fundamentally driven by either local or global galaxy properties. We explore
correlations between MBH and stellar velocity dispersion sigma, bulge
luminosity, bulge mass Sersic index, bulge mean effective surface brightness,
luminosity of the galaxy, galaxy stellar mass, maximum circular velocity Vc,
galaxy dynamical and effective masses. We verify the tightness of the MBH-sigma
relation and find that correlations with other galaxy parameters do not yield
tighter trends. We do not find differences in the MBH-sigma relation of barred
and unbarred galaxies. The MBH-sigma relation of pseudo-bulges is also coarser
and has a different slope than that involving classical bulges. The MBH-bulge
mass is not as tight as the MBH-sigma relation, despite the bulge mass proving
to be a better proxy of MBH than bulge luminosity. We find a rather poor
correlation between MBH and Sersic index suggesting that MBH is not related to
the bulge light concentration. The correlations between MBH and galaxy
luminosity or mass are not a marked improvement over the MBH sigma relation. If
Vc is a proxy for the dark matter halo mass, the large scatter of the MBH-Vc
relation then suggests that MBH is more coupled to the baryonic rather than the
dark matter. We have tested the need for a third parameter in the MBH scaling
relations, through various linear correlations with bulge and galaxy
parameters, only to confirm that the fundamental plane of the SMBH is mainly
driven by sigma, with a small tilt due to the effective radius. (Abridged)Comment: 32 pages, 18 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
Effect of Salt on Phosphorylcholine-based Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes.
A quantitative investigation of the responses of surface-grown biocompatible brushes of poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) to different types of salt has been carried out using ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, and friction force microscopy. Both cations and anions of varying valency over a wide range of concentrations were examined. Ellipsometry shows that the height of the brushes is largely independent of the ionic strength, confirming that the degree of swelling of the polymer is independent of the ionic character of the medium. In contrast, QCM measurements reveal significant changes in mass and dissipation to the PMPC brush layer, suggesting that ions bind to phosphorylcholine (PC) groups in PMPC molecules, which results in changes in the stiffness of the brush layer, and the binding affinity varies with salt type. Nanotribological measurements made using friction force microscopy show that the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing ionic strength for a variety of salts, supporting the conclusion drawn from QCM measurements. It is proposed that the binding of ions to the PMPC molecules does not change their hydration state, and hence the height of the surface-grown polymeric brushes. However, the balance of the intra- and intermolecular interactions is strongly dependent upon the ionic character of the medium between the hydrated chains, modulating the interactions between the zwitterionic PC pendant groups and, consequently, the stiffness of the PMPC molecules in the brush layer
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