Education, the New Science, and Improvement in Seventeenth-Century Ireland

Bacon and Hartlib were leaders of an empirically based movement that contributed to the transformation of reform strategies in Ireland. While continuing to rely on changes to land use their claims to scientific objectivity helped alter the reformers goal from civilizing Ireland to improving it by relying on the new learning of the Hartlib Circle. The support of Oliver Cromwell provided unprecedented opportunities to apply theories of political economy on the blank slate of Ireland’s landscape.Bacon et Hartlib furent à la tête d’un mouvement empirique qui contribua à la transformation des stratégies de réforme en Irlande. Tout en continuant de dépendre des changements de l’usage de la terre, leurs revendications à l’objectivité scientifique aidèrent à faire évoluer le but final des réformateurs : au lieu de civiliser l’Irlande, l’améliorer en se basant sur le nouveau savoir du Cercle Hartlib. Le soutien d’Oliver Cromwell fournit des occasions sans précédents d’appliquer les théories d’économie politique à la page blanche qu’était le paysage de l’Irlande

A Frank Exchange of Views: Communicating through Violence in Ireland, 1565-1610

The introduction of agriculture to supplant the pastoral society of Ireland was at the heart of the civilizing mission in Ireland after 1530. But the altered landscape and material culture associated with this change in land use soon served as new points of cultural conflict, with hostility and resistance from both sides directed at objects as well as symbols and members of the two cultures. The emerging violence in Tudor Ireland will be read here as a type of text for communicating difference.L’introduction de l’agriculture pour supplanter la société pastorale de l’Irlande fut au cœur de la mission civilisatrice entreprise dans le pays après 1530. Mais la modification des paysages et la culture matérielle associée à cette mutation dans l’usage de la terre servirent bientôt de nouveaux points de désaccords culturels, où l'hostilité et la résistance des deux côtés furent dirigées contre les objets aussi bien que les symboles et membres des deux cultures. La violence émergente dans l’Irlande Tudor sera représentée ici comme un type de texte où s'exprime la communication de la différence

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. METHODS: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. FINDINGS: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2-11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75-1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58-1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91-1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70-1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11-0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50-0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38-0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45-0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. INTERPRETATION: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. FUNDING: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

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