Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Carbon Nano-particle Synthesized by Pulsed Arc Discharge Method as a Light Emitting Device

Owing to the specific properties such as high mobility, ballistic carrier transport and light emission, carbon nano-particles (CNPs) have been employed in nanotechnology applications. In the presented work, the CNPs are synthesized by using the pulsed arc discharge method between two copper electrodes. The rectifying behaviour of produced CNPs is explored by assuming an Ohmic contact between the CNPs and the electrodes. The synthesized sample is characterized by electrical investigation and modelling. The current–voltage (I–V) relationship is investigated and bright visible light emission from the produced CNPs was measured. The electroluminescence (EL) intensity was explored by changing the distance between two electrodes. An incremental behaviour on EL by a resistance gradient and distance reduction is identified

Investigation of frequency-selective surfaces based on graphite in the absorption of electromagnetic waves

Today, electromagnetic waves play an important role in our lives. These waves are used for radio and television communications, telecommunication networks and all wireless communications. Therefore, due to the widespread use of electromagnetic waves in the GHz range for mobile phones, national networks, radar systems, etc., it is a serious threat to human health. The presence of different electromagnetic fields and waves in space also causes improper operation or reduced efficiency in electrical and electronic circuits and components. Therefore, the issue of designing appropriate and efficient filters to protect electrical devices and maintain human health is doubly important. In this research, metamaterials and their application as absorbers in frequency-selective surfaces are studied. The design and development process of the frequency-selective surfaces based on graphite are presented in two steps. Finally, the performance of proposed structures with one and two hexagonal loops are discussed. The obtained results demonstrate that the base element consists of a hexagonal loop made of graphite filters the frequency band of 8–12 GHz. However, the base element consists of two hexagonal loops is able to filter the frequency band of 4–12 GHz. In fact, the proposed structure with two hexagonal lopps has filtered a larger frequency band

Vertical double gate MOSFET for nanoscale device with fully depleted feature

A fully depleted vertical double gate MOSFET device was revealed with the implementation of oblique rotating implantation (ORI) method in 25 nm silicon pillar thickness. Several devices with various gate lengths (20 - 100 nm) were simulated and evaluated using virtual wafer tool. The implication of gate length reduction on the short channel effect (SCE) shows considerable advantages with higher current drives at lower gate length, while the low subthreshold swing could balance the threshold voltage roll-off in the term of increasing power consumption. As a result, the drive current and also SCE controllability will be a benefit in the fully depleted device

Throughfall, stemflow, and rainfall interception in a natural pure forest of chestnut-leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey.) in the Caspian Forest of Iran

In forest ecosystems, rainfall is partitioned by forest canopies into throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), and interception loss (I). In the present study the partitioning of rainfall was studied in a natural chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey) forest situated in the Caspian Forest, north of Iran. Measurements were carried out on a rainfall event basis in a 0.12 ha sample plot of an oak forest, during 2009 and 2010, from July to October. Gross rainfall (GR) was measured in an open area close to the study plot. Thirty five throughfall collectors were randomly placed beneath the oak forest canopies and SF was collected from nine selected oak trees using the spiral type SF collection collars. The cumulative GR amount of 28 events was 651.5 mm. The amount of cumulative GR transformed into TF, SF and I were 489 mm, 2.6 mm, and 159.9 mm, respectively. On the event scale average ratios of TF:GR, SF:GR, and I:GR were 75%, 0.4%, and 24.6%, respectively. A fairly strong negative correlation was observed between I:GR and GR. As the intensity of the rainfall events increased, the interception loss in the oak forest canopies decreased. We concluded that interception in the oak forest represents a remarkable percentage of GR and it was strongly affected by the amount of GR. </span

MAPPING LOCAL PATTERNS OF CHILDHOOD OVERWEIGHT AND WASTING IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES BETWEEN 2000 AND 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic