A Dynamic, Keynesian Model of Development

The Harrod-Domar growth model is extended in a way that introduces the possibility of persistent excess capacity as a potential source of slow growth. This extended model has five growth rates, which must be equal for there to be a full-employment, full-capacity dynamic equilibrium, instead of the three growth rates in the standard Harrod-Domar model. These growth rates will be called the justified, the actual, the warranted, the potential and the natural rate of growth. This model is held to provide a consistent framework for discussing many disparate view of economic development. Specifically, much of development theory can be divided in to three types of theories, which focus on different structural rigidities in the economy. First, there are theories that emphasize a lack of saving and thus propose mechanisms for augmenting saving. Second, theories emphasizing a shortage of investment and thus the existence of excess capacity. Third, there are theories emphasizing inadequate labor absorption and the need to develop or employ labor by using capital saving technology. It is argued that the essence of Keynesian development economics is the belief that the development process is served better by pursuing policies that enhance growth with existing obstacles than by simply trying to remove these obstacles in the hope that development will then occur.

Insider and Outsider Perspective in Ethnographic Research

Emic and etic perspectives are consequential for research because they impact the research process, the findings of a study, and the argument made by the researcher about the implications of these findings. Moreover, because the nature of ethnographic work involves the interpretation of cultures (Geertz, 1973), there is a responsibility on the part of the researcher to the culture being studied because the perspective the researcher takes impacts the knowledge produced about the cultural group that is studied.Contributors to this discussion represent a variety of research areas including rhetoric, library studies, family, media, and intercultural communication. Recurrant themes include awareness, bias avoidance, personal distance, appreciation of one\u27s insider/ outsider status

Analysis of Multiple Isoenzyme Expression Among Twenty-Two Species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma

Crude extracts of triple-cloned, purified cultures of 22 species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma were examined for expression of 21 isozyme systems routinely used to type mammalian cells. Nine previously described enzymes (purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenylate kinase, dipeptidase, esterase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase) and three enzymes not previously reported in mycoplasma (triose phosphate isomerase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and acid phosphatase) were detected in some or all of the species examined. These findings provide new information on the enzymatic expressions of these organisms. Three of the isozyme systems (superoxide dismutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were present in Acholeplasma species but not in any Mycoplasma species. The characteristic pattern of electrophoretic mobility of the 12 isozyme systems also provides a useful biochemical property for identification, characterization, and classification of these mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma isozyme expression for seven of the enzymes were readily detected in various infected-cell culture lines by using either cell extracts or concentrated cell culture fluids. Mycoplasma-specific enzymes found in infected-cell extracts had the same electrophoretic mobility patterns as enzymes obtained from broth-grown mycoplasmas of the same species. Expression of homologous mammalian enzymes was not detectably altered by infection with mycoplasmas

Emergence of good conduct, scaling and Zipf laws in human behavioral sequences in an online world

We study behavioral action sequences of players in a massive multiplayer online game. In their virtual life players use eight basic actions which allow them to interact with each other. These actions are communication, trade, establishing or breaking friendships and enmities, attack, and punishment. We measure the probabilities for these actions conditional on previous taken and received actions and find a dramatic increase of negative behavior immediately after receiving negative actions. Similarly, positive behavior is intensified by receiving positive actions. We observe a tendency towards anti-persistence in communication sequences. Classifying actions as positive (good) and negative (bad) allows us to define binary 'world lines' of lives of individuals. Positive and negative actions are persistent and occur in clusters, indicated by large scaling exponents alpha~0.87 of the mean square displacement of the world lines. For all eight action types we find strong signs for high levels of repetitiveness, especially for negative actions. We partition behavioral sequences into segments of length n (behavioral `words' and 'motifs') and study their statistical properties. We find two approximate power laws in the word ranking distribution, one with an exponent of kappa-1 for the ranks up to 100, and another with a lower exponent for higher ranks. The Shannon n-tuple redundancy yields large values and increases in terms of word length, further underscoring the non-trivial statistical properties of behavioral sequences. On the collective, societal level the timeseries of particular actions per day can be understood by a simple mean-reverting log-normal model.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

TICK-FLAVIVIRUS INTERACTIONS: DISCOVERY OF HOST PROTEINS THAT ARE AFFECTED IN VIRUS INFECTION

Grabowski, Jeffrey M. Ph.D., Purdue University, August 2015. Tick-Flavivirus Interactions: Discovery of Host Proteins That Are Affected in Virus Infection. Major Professors: Catherine A. Hill and Richard J. Kuhn

Tarski Geometry Axioms – Part II

In our earlier article [12], the first part of axioms of geometry proposed by Alfred Tarski [14] was formally introduced by means of Mizar proof assistant [9]. We defined a structure TarskiPlane with the following predicates: of betweenness between (a ternary relation),of congruence of segments equiv (quarternary relation), which satisfy the following properties: congruence symmetry (A1),congruence equivalence relation (A2),congruence identity (A3),segment construction (A4),SAS (A5),betweenness identity (A6),Pasch (A7). Also a simple model, which satisfies these axioms, was previously constructed, and described in [6]. In this paper, we deal with four remaining axioms, namely: the lower dimension axiom (A8),the upper dimension axiom (A9),the Euclid axiom (A10),the continuity axiom (A11). They were introduced in the form of Mizar attributes. Additionally, the relation of congruence of triangles cong is introduced via congruence of sides (SSS).In order to show that the structure which satisfies all eleven Tarski’s axioms really exists, we provided a proof of the registration of a cluster that the Euclidean plane, or rather a natural [5] extension of ordinary metric structure Euclid 2 satisfies all these attributes.Although the tradition of the mechanization of Tarski’s geometry in Mizar is not as long as in Coq [11], first approaches to this topic were done in Mizar in 1990 [16] (even if this article started formal Hilbert axiomatization of geometry, and parallel development was rather unlikely at that time [8]). Connection with another proof assistant should be mentioned – we had some doubts about the proof of the Euclid’s axiom and inspection of the proof taken from Archive of Formal Proofs of Isabelle [10] clarified things a bit. Our development allows for the future faithful mechanization of [13] and opens the possibility of automatically generated Prover9 proofs which was useful in the case of lattice theory [7].Coghetto Roland - Rue de la Brasserie 5, 7100 La Louvière, BelgiumGrabowski Adam - Institute of Informatics, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1M, 15-245 Białystok, PolandCzesław Byliński. Introduction to real linear topological spaces. Formalized Mathematics, 13(1):99–107, 2005.Czesław Byliński. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47–53, 1990.Roland Coghetto. Circumcenter, circumcircle and centroid of a triangle. Formalized Mathematics, 24(1):17–26, 2016. doi:10.1515/forma-2016-0002.Agata Darmochwał. The Euclidean space. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):599–603, 1991.Adam Grabowski. Efficient rough set theory merging. Fundamenta Informaticae, 135(4): 371–385, 2014. doi:10.3233/FI-2014-1129.Adam Grabowski. Tarski’s geometry modelled in Mizar computerized proof assistant. In Proceedings of the 2016 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, FedCSIS 2016, Gdańsk, Poland, September 11–14, 2016, pages 373–381, 2016. doi:10.15439/2016F290.Adam Grabowski. Mechanizing complemented lattices within Mizar system. Journal of Automated Reasoning, 55:211–221, 2015. doi:10.1007/s10817-015-9333-5.Adam Grabowski and Christoph Schwarzweller. On duplication in mathematical repositories. In Serge Autexier, Jacques Calmet, David Delahaye, Patrick D. F. Ion, Laurence Rideau, Renaud Rioboo, and Alan P. Sexton, editors, Intelligent Computer Mathematics, 10th International Conference, AISC 2010, 17th Symposium, Calculemus 2010, and 9th International Conference, MKM 2010, Paris, France, July 5–10, 2010. Proceedings, volume 6167 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 300–314. Springer, 2010. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14128-7_26.Adam Grabowski, Artur Korniłowicz, and Adam Naumowicz. Four decades of Mizar. Journal of Automated Reasoning, 55(3):191–198, 2015. doi:10.1007/s10817-015-9345-1.Timothy James McKenzie Makarios. A mechanical verification of the independence of Tarski’s Euclidean Axiom. 2012. Master’s thesis.Julien Narboux. Mechanical theorem proving in Tarski’s geometry. In F. Botana and T. Recio, editors, Automated Deduction in Geometry, volume 4869 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 139–156. Springer, 2007.William Richter, Adam Grabowski, and Jesse Alama. Tarski geometry axioms. Formalized Mathematics, 22(2):167–176, 2014. doi:10.2478/forma-2014-0017.Wolfram Schwabhäuser, Wanda Szmielew, and Alfred Tarski. Metamathematische Methoden in der Geometrie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, 1983.Alfred Tarski and Steven Givant. Tarski’s system of geometry. Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 5(2):175–214, 1999.Andrzej Trybulec and Czesław Byliński. Some properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):445–449, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Axioms of incidence. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):205–213, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Vectors in real linear space. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):291–296, 1990

A framework for convection and boundary layer parameterization derived from conditional filtering

A new theoretical framework is derived for parameterization of subgrid physical processes in atmospheric models; the application to parameterization of convection and boundary layer fluxes is a particular focus. The derivation is based on conditional filtering, which uses a set of quasi-Lagrangian labels to pick out different regions of the fluid, such as convective updrafts and environment, before applying a spatial filter. This results in a set of coupled prognostic equations for the different fluid components, including subfilter-scale flux terms and entrainment/detrainment terms. The framework can accommodate different types of approaches to parameterization, such as local turbulence approaches and mass-flux approaches. It provides a natural way to distinguish between local and nonlocal transport processes, and makes a clearer conceptual link to schemes based on coherent structures such as convective plumes or thermals than the straightforward application of a filter without the quasi-Lagrangian labels. The framework should facilitate the unification of different approaches to parameterization by highlighting the different approximations made, and by helping to ensure that budgets of energy, entropy, and momentum are handled consistently and without double counting. The framework also points to various ways in which traditional parameterizations might be extended, for example by including additional prognostic variables. One possibility is to allow the large-scale dynamics of all the fluid components to be handled by the dynamical core. This has the potential to improve several aspects of convection-dynamics coupling, such as dynamical memory, the location of compensating subsidence, and the propagation of convection to neighboring grid columns

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected