Respostas fisiológicas de goiabeira Paluma parasitada por Meloidogyne mayaguensis sob condições controladas e de campo

RESUMO No Espírito Santo, a fruticultura é uma atividade de grande expressão social e econômica, respondendo por grande parte da receita agrícola do Estado. Tendo em vista a importância deste segmento da economia, torna-se necessária a busca por uma maior diversificação das culturas e a cultura da goiabeira tem-se mostrado como uma alternativa bastante rentável, pois é uma fruta que apresenta grande potencial produtivo e de venda, o que torna relevante o conhecimento de suas características positivas e de suas limitações para que ocorra uma ampliação do mercado. Existem nas regiões produtoras da fruta, entretanto, problemas de natureza fitossanitária, capazes de afetar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade das áreas de cultivo. A susceptibilidade da goiabeira ao nematóide-das-galhas recebe destaque. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do nematóide Meloidogyne mayaguensis (Sin.: M. enterolobii) sobre goiabeiras por meio da análise de cinética de emissão da fluorescência; teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos e crescimento, correlacionando as alterações morfológicas às alterações fisiológicas apresentadas pelas plantas submetidas às condições de campo e em casa de vegetação. Em campo, as plantas parasitadas apresentaram menor eficiência fotoquímica em comparação às plantas sadias. Tendência semelhante foi observada para os teores de pigmentos foliares, nos quais as plantas sadias apresentaram os maiores valores de clorofilas a e b e carotenóides, sendo cerca de 1,5 vezes o valor encontrado para as plantas sintomáticas. A deficiência no desempenho fotoquímico das plantas refletiu também na baixa capacidade produtiva das plantas parasitadas e na formação de frutos de menor calibre. As plantas sadias foram cerca de 2 vezes mais produtivas que as plantas assintomáticas e 6,5 vezes mais produtivas que as sintomáticas. No início do desenvolvimento vegetativo, não foram observadas alterações visuais na parte aérea das plantas parasitadas, tanto em relação às medidas de crescimento quanto nas leituras SPAD. Esse comportamento demonstra um dos grandes problemas enfrentados pelos viveiristas, que é a não observação dos sintomas da presença dos nematóides-das-galhas nas mudas, favorecendo o comércio de mudas infectadas e a disseminação do nematóide. Palavras-chave: goiaba, Psidium guajava L., nematóide, fluorescência da clorofila a, clorofilas, Meloidogyne enterolobii

Perceptions and use of medicinal plants by an elementary and high school community in Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil

Plants have been used for centuries as therapeutic resources for various pathological conditions and are occasionally considered as the only resource available to some communities. However, knowledge on the potential of traditional medicinal plants have been lost over the years. Strategies that can guarantee the prospection of popular knowledge regarding medicinal plants to stimulate the spread of information between generations are therefore of enormous value. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the use and knowledge on medicinal plants of students from a public school in Vila Velha (Brazil) and their associated community, including parents. In this urban locality, data were obtained by the application of a semi-structured questionnaire to 206 people from the school community. Although homegrown cultivation seems to be an uncommon practice in urban contexts, the use of medicinal plants by the sampled population was significant (80%), as well as theinterviewees’ confidence on its therapeutic action (90%). It is worth mentioning that more than 70% of the respondents presented their parents and/or grandparents as their main source of information, highlighting the importance of popular knowledge valorization

NDVI and EVI Time Series Properties of Vegetation Cover in Areas of RQo Soils Associated with Sanding Process

Os processos relacionados a arenização inicialmente conceituados para a região sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, também ocorrem em outras regiões do Brasil. Estudos demonstram que o ponto convergente entre essas áreas é o tipo de solo, os Neossolos Quartzarênicos Órticos (RQo). Este artigo analisa as propriedades das séries temporais de NDVI e EVI da cobertura vegetal em áreas de solos RQo no Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás, Tocantins e Piauí, no período entre 2000 e 2015. Para tanto a metodologia proposta utiliza as seguintes propriedades: média, tendência, variabilidade interanual (IAV) e sazonalidade das séries temporais MOD13Q1 sensor MODIS, de NDVI e EVI; mapa de solos e índices pluviométricos do satélite Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Os resultados mostram que o comportamento dos valores das propriedades sugere que a cobertura vegetal em áreas com solos RQo em Gilbués/PI e Mateiros/TO se apresentam mais estáveis na série temporal, sem dinâmicas naturais ou antrópicas que ocasionem grandes mudanças no comportamento temporal da vegetação para serem expressas pelas propriedades tendência e IAV. Maçambará e Serranópolis com dinâmicas de arenização nas áreas de RQo mais intensas, apresentaram resultados mais expressivos. Serranópolis por abranger extensas áreas de pastagens e atividades agrícolas e ainda conservar uma boa parte de remanescentes de Cerrado se destacou com valores mais elevados em relação a tendência e sazonalidade. A variação da sazonalidade nas quatro áreas é consequência principalmente da dinâmica climática sazonal. As séries temporais de NDVI e EVI MODIS se mostraram eficientes em mostrar as variações temporais da biomassa e possibilitaram analisar satisfatoriamente a variação espaço-temporal do verdor da cobertura vegetal em áreas de solos RQo associadas a arenização.The sandization processes initially conceptualized for the southwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, also occur in other regions of Brazil. Studies show that the converging point between these areas is the type of soil, the Neossolos Quartzarênicos Órticos (RQo). This article analyzes the properties of the NDVI and EVI time series of vegetation cover in areas of RQo soils in Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás, Tocantins and Piauí, in the period between 2000 and 2015. For this purpose, the proposed methodology uses the following properties: average, trend, interannual variability (IAV) and seasonality of the sensor MODIS, NDVI and EVI time series; soil map and rainfall index of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The results show that the behavior of the property values suggests that the vegetation cover in areas with RQo soils in Gilbués / PI and Mateiros / TO are more stable in the time series, without natural or anthropic dynamics that cause major changes in the vegetation’s temporal behavior to be expressed by the trend and IAV properties. Maçambará and Serranópolis with sanding dynamics in the most intense RQo areas, presented more expressive results. Serranópolis for covering extensive areas of pastures and agricultural activities and still conserving a good part of Cerrado remnants stood out with higher values in relation to the trend and seasonality. The variation in seasonality in the four areas is mainly due to seasonal climatic dynamics. The time series of NDVI and EVI MODIS proved to be efficient in showing the temporal variations of the biomass and made it possible to satisfactorily analyze the space-time variation of the greenness of the vegetation cover in areas of RQo soils associated with sanding

Propriedades das Séries Temporais de NDVI e EVI da Cobertura Vegetal em Áreas de Solos RQo Associadas a Arenização

Os processos relacionados a arenização inicialmente conceituados para a região sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, também ocorrem em outras regiões do Brasil. Estudos demonstram que o ponto convergente entre essas áreas é o tipo de solo, os Neossolos Quartzarênicos Órticos (RQo). Este artigo analisa as propriedades das séries temporais de NDVI e EVI da cobertura vegetal em áreas de solos RQo no Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás, Tocantins e Piauí, no período entre 2000 e 2015. Para tanto a metodologia proposta utiliza as seguintes propriedades: média, tendência, variabilidade interanual (IAV) e sazonalidade das séries temporais MOD13Q1 sensor MODIS, de NDVI e EVI; mapa de solos e índices pluviométricos do satélite Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Os resultados mostram que o comportamento dos valores das propriedades sugere que a cobertura vegetal em áreas com solos RQo em Gilbués/PI e Mateiros/TO se apresentam mais estáveis na série temporal, sem dinâmicas naturais ou antrópicas que ocasionem grandes mudanças no comportamento temporal da vegetação para serem expressas pelas propriedades tendência e IAV. Maçambará e Serranópolis com dinâmicas de arenização nas áreas de RQo mais intensas, apresentaram resultados mais expressivos. Serranópolis por abranger extensas áreas de pastagens e atividades agrícolas e ainda conservar uma boa parte de remanescentes de Cerrado se destacou com valores mais elevados em relação a tendência e sazonalidade. A variação da sazonalidade nas quatro áreas é consequência principalmente da dinâmica climática sazonal. As séries temporais de NDVI e EVI MODIS se mostraram eficientes em mostrar as variações temporais da biomassa e possibilitaram analisar satisfatoriamente a variação espaço-temporal do verdor da cobertura vegetal em áreas de solos RQo associadas a arenização

Intraarticular location predicts cartilage filling and subchondral bone changes in a chondral defect: A randomized, blind, long-term follow-up trial involving 82 rabbit knees

Open Access - This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the source is credited.Background and purpose: The natural history of, and predictive factors for outcome of cartilage restoration in chondral defects are poorly understood. We investigated the natural history of cartilage filling subchondral bone changes, comparing defects at two locations in the rabbit knee. Animals and methods: In New Zealand rabbits aged 22 weeks, a 4-mm pure chondral defect (ICRS grade 3b) was created in the patella of one knee and in the medial femoral condyle of the other. A stereo microscope was used to optimize the preparation of the defects. The animals were killed 12, 24, and 36 weeks after surgery. Defect filling and the density of subchondral mineralized tissue was estimated using Analysis Pro software on micrographed histological sections. Results: The mean filling of the patellar defects was more than twice that of the medial femoral condylar defects at 24 and 36 weeks of follow-up. There was a statistically significant increase in filling from 24 to 36 weeks after surgery at both locations. The density of subchondral mineralized tissue beneath the defects subsided with time in the patellas, in contrast to the density in the medial femoral condyles, which remained unchanged. Interpretation: The intraarticular location is a predictive factor for spontaneous filling and subchondral bone changes of chondral defects corresponding to ICRS grade 3b. Disregarding location, the spontaneous filling increased with long-term follow-up. This should be considered when evaluating aspects of cartilage restoration

Characterization of complex networks: A survey of measurements

Each complex network (or class of networks) presents specific topological features which characterize its connectivity and highly influence the dynamics of processes executed on the network. The analysis, discrimination, and synthesis of complex networks therefore rely on the use of measurements capable of expressing the most relevant topological features. This article presents a survey of such measurements. It includes general considerations about complex network characterization, a brief review of the principal models, and the presentation of the main existing measurements. Important related issues covered in this work comprise the representation of the evolution of complex networks in terms of trajectories in several measurement spaces, the analysis of the correlations between some of the most traditional measurements, perturbation analysis, as well as the use of multivariate statistics for feature selection and network classification. Depending on the network and the analysis task one has in mind, a specific set of features may be chosen. It is hoped that the present survey will help the proper application and interpretation of measurements.Comment: A working manuscript with 78 pages, 32 figures. Suggestions of measurements for inclusion are welcomed by the author

Giant capsids from lattice self-assembly of cyclodextrin complexes

Proteins can readily assemble into rigid, crystalline and functional structures such as viral capsids and bacterial compartments. Despite ongoing advances, it is still a fundamental challenge to design and synthesize protein-mimetic molecules to form crystalline structures. Here we report the lattice self-assembly of cyclodextrin complexes into a variety of capsidlike structures such as lamellae, helical tubes and hollow rhombic dodecahedra. The dodecahedral morphology has not hitherto been observed in self-assembly systems. The tubes can spontaneously encapsulate colloidal particles and liposomes. The dodecahedra and tubes are respectively comparable to and much larger than the largest known virus. In particular, the resemblance to protein assemblies is not limited to morphology but extends to structural rigidity and crystallinity-a well-defined, 2D rhombic lattice of molecular arrangement is strikingly universal for all the observed structures. We propose a simple design rule for the current lattice self-assembly, potentially opening doors for new protein-mimetic materials

Measurement of the branching fraction and CP content for the decay B(0) -> D(*+)D(*-)

This is the pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the links below. Copyright @ 2002 APS.We report a measurement of the branching fraction of the decay B0→D*+D*- and of the CP-odd component of its final state using the BABAR detector. With data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.4  fb-1 collected at the Υ(4S) resonance during 1999–2000, we have reconstructed 38 candidate signal events in the mode B0→D*+D*- with an estimated background of 6.2±0.5 events. From these events, we determine the branching fraction to be B(B0→D*+D*-)=[8.3±1.6(stat)±1.2(syst)]×10-4. The measured CP-odd fraction of the final state is 0.22±0.18(stat)±0.03(syst).This work is supported by DOE and NSF (USA), NSERC (Canada), IHEP (China), CEA and CNRS-IN2P3 (France), BMBF (Germany), INFN (Italy), NFR (Norway), MIST (Russia), and PPARC (United Kingdom). Individuals have received support from the A.P. Sloan Foundation, Research Corporation, and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation

Observation and study of baryonic B decays: B -> D(*) p pbar, D(*) p pbar pi, and D(*) p pbar pi pi

We present a study of ten B-meson decays to a D(*), a proton-antiproton pair, and a system of up to two pions using BaBar's data set of 455x10^6 BBbar pairs. Four of the modes (B0bar -> D0 p anti-p, B0bar -> D*0 p anti-p, B0bar -> D+ p anti-p pi-, B0bar -> D*+ p anti-p pi-) are studied with improved statistics compared to previous measurements; six of the modes (B- -> D0 p anti-p pi-, B- -> D*0 p anti-p pi-, B0bar -> D0 p anti-p pi- pi+, B0bar -> D*0 p anti-p pi- pi+, B- -> D+ p anti-p pi- pi-, B- -> D*+ p anti-p pi- pi-) are first observations. The branching fractions for 3- and 5-body decays are suppressed compared to 4-body decays. Kinematic distributions for 3-body decays show non-overlapping threshold enhancements in m(p anti-p) and m(D(*)0 p) in the Dalitz plots. For 4-body decays, m(p pi-) mass projections show a narrow peak with mass and full width of (1497.4 +- 3.0 +- 0.9) MeV/c2, and (47 +- 12 +- 4) MeV/c2, respectively, where the first (second) errors are statistical (systematic). For 5-body decays, mass projections are similar to phase space expectations. All results are preliminary.Comment: 28 pages, 90 postscript figures, submitted to LP0