BIODIVERSIFICACIÓN EN LA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR DE CHIAUTZINGO, PUEBLA: ESTUDIO DE CASO

The loss of biological diversity in agroecosystems is widely understood, from the degree of disturbance that has been taking place, which is why it is important to contribute with cultivation patterns and species exploitation that reduce this damage and even improve the current situation, in the context of family agriculture. The objective of this study is to analyze the type and degree of diversity of species and varieties that a family is managing and the crop associations and rotations that it is using. For this purpose, information collected from 2015 to 2017 in a plot located in Sierra Nevada, Puebla, was reviewed. Results indicate that the family, every year, is managing commercially and efficiently 12 agriculturalspecies (6 annual and 6 fruit) and 20 varieties; that the most frequently used cultivation systems consist in lines of Creole and improved fruit trees (tejocote, pear, peach, apple, apricot, fig), interspersed with patterns of annual crops (associations of maize-bean, maize-ayocote, and maize-squash), as well as with the simple cultivation of these species and others like chili, squash and amaranth, in annual rotations of grass-legumes-chili. In this manner, it is possible to contribute to reducing the loss of agrobiodiversity and even to improve the variety of crops available in rural communities.Es ampliamente conocido el perjuicio de la diversidad biológica en los agroecosistemas a partir del grado de perturbación que se ha venido ocasionando, por lo que es importante contribuir con patrones de cultivo y el aprovechamiento de especies que reduzcan ese daño e inclusive mejoren la situación actual, en el contexto de la agricultura familiar. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el tipo y grado de diversidad de especies y variedades que una familia viene manejando y las asociaciones y rotaciones de cultivos que está empleando. Para esto se revisó información recabada de 2015 a 2017 en una parcela ubicada en la Sierra Nevada de Puebla. Los resultados indican que la familia, cada año, está manejando comercialmente y de manera eficaz 12 especies agrícolas (6 anuales y 6 frutales) y 20 variedades; que los sistemas de cultivo más empleados consisten en hileras de frutales criollos y mejorados (tejocote, pera, durazno, manzano, chabacano, higo) intercalados con patrones de cultivos anuales (asociaciones de maíz-frijol, maíz-ayocote y maíz-calabaza), así como, con el cultivo simple de estas especies y otras como chile, calabaza y amaranto, en rotaciones anuales gramínea-leguminosas-chile. De esta forma es posible contribuir a reducir la pérdida de la agrobiodiversidad e inclusive de mejorar la variedad de cultivos disponibles en las comunidades rurales

PRODUCTIVIDAD DE LA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR EN CHIAUTZINGO, PUEBLA: ESTUDIO DE CASO

The productivity of family agriculture in Sierra Nevada, Puebla, Mexico, is affected by the scarcity of economic resources, adverse climate factors (drought, low temperatures and relative humidity), the aggressive development of some parasites, and the lack of access to information, among other factors. The objective of this study was to analyze the levels of productivity and profitability that can be obtained in some cultivation systems, to suggest alternatives to the situation described. Information generated from 2015 to 2017 in the plot of a family of two producers was analyzed. The results indicated that under irrigation it is feasible to obtain production of maize higher than 10 t ha-1, bean higher than 2 t ha-1,in ayocote and amaranth 4 t ha-1, in addition to close to 13 t ha-1 of peach and apple. The associated crop patterns improve the productive efficiency compared to the simple crops, 50 % in maize-ayocote guide and 70 % in maize-bean guide. Stemming from an adequate technical management plan, even when the family establishes a large number of crops (12 species and 20 varieties), it is concluded that it is possible to contribute to increasing productivity and profitability of the agricultural systems of annual and fruit crops that small-scale producers have access to in the study region.La productividad de la agricultura familiar en la Sierra Nevada de Puebla, México, es afectada por la escasez de recursos económicos, factores climáticos adversos (sequía, bajas temperaturas, humedad relativa), desarrollo agresivo de algunos parásitos y falta de acceso a la información entre otros factores. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los niveles de productividad y rentabilidad que pueden obtenerse en algunos sistemas de cultivo, para plantear alternativas a la situación descrita. Se analizó información generada de 2015 a 2017 en la parcela de una familia de dos productores. Los resultados indicaron que bajo riego es factible obtener producciones de maíz superiores a 10 t ha-1, en frijol más de 2 t ha-1, 4 tha-1 tanto en ayocote como en amaranto, además de cerca de 13 t ha-1 de durazno y manzano. Los patrones de cultivos asociados mejoran la eficiencia productiva en relación con sus cultivos simples, un 50% en maíz-ayocote guía y 70% en maíz-frijol guía. A partir de un plan de manejo técnico adecuado, aun cuando la familia establece una gran cantidad de cultivos (12 especies y 20 variedades), se concluye que es posible contribuir a aumentar la productividad y rentabilidad de los sistemas agrícolas de cultivos anuales y de frutales que disponen los pequeños productores de la región de estudio

238U(n, γ) reaction cross section measurement with C 6D6 detectors at the n-TOF CERN facility

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedThe radiative capture cross section of 238U is very important for the developing of new reactor technologies and the safety of existing ones. Here the preliminary results of the 238U(n,γ) cross section measurement performed at n-TOF with C6D6 scintillation detectors are presented, paying particular attention to data reduction and background subtraction.Peer reviewe

Measurement of 73 Ge(n,γ) cross sections and implications for stellar nucleosynthesis

© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.73 Ge(n,γ) cross sections were measured at the neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF at CERN up to neutron energies of 300 keV, providing for the first time experimental data above 8 keV. Results indicate that the stellar cross section at kT=30 keV is 1.5 to 1.7 times higher than most theoretical predictions. The new cross sections result in a substantial decrease of 73 Ge produced in stars, which would explain the low isotopic abundance of 73 Ge in the solar system.Peer reviewe

High accuracy 234U(n,f) cross section in the resonance energy region

New results are presented of the 234U neutron-induced fission cross section, obtained with high accuracy in the resonance region by means of two methods using the 235U(n,f) as reference. The recent evaluation of the 235U(n,f) obtained with SAMMY by L. C. Leal et al. (these Proceedings), based on previous n-TOF data [1], has been used to calculate the 234U(n,f) cross section through the 234U/235U ratio, being here compared with the results obtained by using the n-TOF neutron flux

The nucleosynthesis of heavy elements in Stars : The key isotope 25Mg

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedWe have measured the radiative neutron-capture cross section and the total neutron-induced cross section of one of the most important isotopes for the s process, the 25Mg. The measurements have been carried out at the neutron time-of-flight facilities n-TOF at CERN (Switzerland) and GELINA installed at the EC-JRC-IRMM (Belgium). The cross sections as a function of neutron energy have been measured up to approximately 300 keV, covering the energy region of interest to the s process. The data analysis is ongoing and preliminary results show the potential relevance for the s process.Peer reviewe

Estimating mortality and disability in Peru before the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of the Disease Study 2019

"Background: Estimating and analyzing trends and patterns of health loss are essential to promote efficient resource allocation and improve Peru’s healthcare system performance. Methods: Using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (2019), we assessed mortality and disability in Peru from 1990 to 2019. We report demographic and epidemiologic trends in terms of population, life expectancy at birth (LE), mortality, incidence, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the major diseases and risk factors in Peru. Finally, we compared Peru with 16 countries in the Latin American (LA) region. Results: The Peruvian population reached 33.9 million inhabitants (49.9% women) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, LE at birth increased from 69.2 (95% uncertainty interval 67.8–70.3) to 80.3 (77.2–83.2) years. This increase was driven by the decline in under-5 mortality (−80.7%) and mortality from infectious diseases in older age groups (+60 years old). The number of DALYs in 1990 was 9.2 million (8.5–10.1) and reached 7.5 million (6.1–9.0) in 2019. The proportion of DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) increased from 38.2% in 1990 to 67.9% in 2019. The all-ages and age-standardized DALYs rates and YLLs rates decreased, but YLDs rates remained constant. In 2019, the leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), ischemic heart disease, road injuries, and low back pain. The leading risk factors associated with DALYs in 2019 were undernutrition, high body mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and air pollution. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Peru experienced one of the highest LRIs-DALYs rates in the LA region. Conclusion: In the last three decades, Peru experienced significant improvements in LE and child survival and an increase in the burden of NCDs and associated disability. The Peruvian healthcare system must be redesigned to respond to this epidemiological transition. The new design should aim to reduce premature deaths and maintain healthy longevity, focusing on effective coverage and treatment of NCDs and reducing and managing the related disability.

Characterization of the n-TOF EAR-2 neutron beam

The experimental area 2 (EAR-2) at CERNs neutron time-of-flight facility (n-TOF), which is operational since 2014, is designed and built as a short-distance complement to the experimental area 1 (EAR-1). The Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (PPAC) monitor experiment was performed to characterize the beam prole and the shape of the neutron 'ux at EAR-2. The prompt γ-flash which is used for calibrating the time-of-flight at EAR-1 is not seen by PPAC at EAR-2, shedding light on the physical origin of this γ-flash

High-accuracy determination of the neutron flux in the new experimental area n_TOF-EAR2 at CERN

A new high flux experimental area has recently become operational at the n_TOF facility at CERN. This new measuring station, n_TOF-EAR2, is placed at the end of a vertical beam line at a distance of approximately 20m from the spallation target. The characterization of the neutron beam, in terms of flux, spatial profile and resolution function, is of crucial importance for the feasibility study and data analysis of all measurements to be performed in the new area. In this paper, the measurement of the neutron flux, performed with different solid-state and gaseous detection systems, and using three neutron-converting reactions considered standard in different energy regions is reported. The results of the various measurements have been combined, yielding an evaluated neutron energy distribution in a wide energy range, from 2meV to 100MeV, with an accuracy ranging from 2%, at low energy, to 6% in the high-energy region. In addition, an absolute normalization of the n_TOF-EAR2 neutron flux has been obtained by means of an activation measurement performed with 197Au foils in the beam.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the 240Pu(n,f) cross-section at the CERN n-TOF facility : First results from experimental area II (EAR-2)

The accurate knowledge of the neutron-induced fission cross-sections of actinides and other isotopes involved in the nuclear fuel cycle is essential for the design of advanced nuclear systems, such as Generation-IV nuclear reactors. Such experimental data can also provide the necessary feedback for the adjustment of nuclear model parameters used in the evaluation process, resulting in the further development of nuclear fission models. In the present work, the 240Pu(n,f) cross-section was measured at CERN's n-TOF facility relative to the well-known 235U(n,f) cross section, over a wide range of neutron energies, from meV to almost MeV, using the time-of-flight technique and a set-up based on Micromegas detectors. This measurement was the first experiment to be performed at n-TOF's new experimental area (EAR-2), which offers a significantly higher neutron flux compared to the already existing experimental area (EAR-1). Preliminary results as well as the experimental procedure, including a description of the facility and the data handling and analysis, are presented