Functionalisation of Ti6Al4V and hydroxyapatite surfaces with combined peptides based on KKLPDA and EEEEEEEE peptides

Surface modifications are usually performed on titanium alloys to improve osteo-integration and surface bioactivity. Modifications such as alkaline and acid etching, or coating with bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite, have previously been demonstrated. The aim of this work is to develop a peptide with combined titanium oxide and hydroxyapatite binders in order to achieve a biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on titanium surfaces. The technology would also be applicable for the functionalisation of titanium and hydroxyapatite surfaces for selective protein adsorption, conjugation of antimicrobial peptides, and adsorption of specialised drugs for drug delivery. In this work, functionalisation of Ti6Al4V and hydroxyapatite surfaces was achieved using combined titanium-hydroxyapatite (Ti-Hap) peptides based on titanium binder (RKLPDA) and hydroxyapatite binder (EEEEEEEE) peptides. Homogeneous peptide coatings on Ti6Al4V surfaces were obtained after surface chemical treatments with a 30 wt % aqueous solution of H2O2 for 24 and 48 hours. The treated titanium surfaces presented an average roughness of Sa=197 nm (24 h) and Sa=128 nm (48 h); an untreated mirror polished sample exhibited an Sa of 13 nm. The advancing water contact angle of the titanium oxide layer after 1 hour of exposure to 30 wt % aqueous solution of H2O2 was around 65°, decreasing gradually with time until it reached 35° after a 48 hour exposure, suggesting that the surface hydrophilicity increased over etching time. The presence of a lysine (L) amino acid in the sequence of the titanium binder resulted in fluorescence intensity roughly 16 % higher compared with the arginine (R) amino acid analogue and therefore the lysine containing titanium binder was used in this work. The Ti-Hap peptide KKLPDAEEEEEEEE (Ti-Hap1) was not adsorbed by the treated Ti6Al4V surfaces and therefore was modified. The modifications involved the inclusion of a glycine spacer between the binding terminals (Ti-Hap2) and the addition of a second titanium binder (KKLPDA) (Ti-Hap3 and Ti-Hap4). The Ti-Hap peptide aptamer which exhibited the strongest intensity after the titanium dip coating was KKLPDAKKLPDAEEEEEEEE (Ti-Hap4). On the other hand, hydroxyapatite surfaces, exhibiting an average roughness of Sa=1.42 µm, showed a higher fluorescence for all peptides compared with titanium surfaces

Selective modification of Ti6Al4V surfaces for biomedical applications

The surface of a medical implant is required to interact favourably with ions, biomolecules and cells in vivo, commonly resulting in the formation of the extracellular matrix. Medical grade Ti6Al4V alloy is widely used in orthopaedic and dental applications for bone replacement due to its advantageous mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which enhances the adhesion between native tissue and the implanted material. In this study, chemical and thermal modification of a medical-grade Ti6Al4V alloy were performed to enhance electrostatic interactions at the alloy surface with a synthetic peptide, suitable for conferring drug release capabilities and antimicrobial properties. The modified surfaces exhibited a range of topographies and chemical compositions depending primarily on the treatment temperature. The surface wetting behaviour was found to be pH-dependent, as were the adhesive properties, evidenced by chemical force titration atomic force microscopy

Porous coatings to control release rates of essential oils to generate an atmosphere with botanical actives

Essential oils have been used in diverse areas such as packaging, agriculture and cosmetics, for their antimicrobial and pesticide activity. The organic volatile compounds of the essential oils are involved in its activity. Controlling their release helps to prolong their functionality. In this study, a functionalized calcium carbonate porous coating was employed to control the release of thyme and rosemary oil in a confined space. The release rate was evaluated at 7 °C and 23 °C, gravimetrically. It was shown that the capillary effect of the porous coating slowed down the release of the volatiles into the headspace compared to the bulk essential oil. A linear drive force model was used to fit the obtained data from both essential oils. The model showed that rosemary reached the asymptotic mass loss equilibrium faster than thyme. This result can be explained by the diverse composition and concentration of monoterpenoids between the two essential oils. Temperature and degree of loading also played important roles in the desorption of the essential oils. It was observed that at high degrees of loading and temperatures the desorption of essential oils was higher. The above-described technology could be used for applications related to food preservation, pest control among others

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Results of a phase 1, randomized, placebocontrolled first-in-human trial of griffithsin formulated in a carrageenan vaginal gel

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is dominated by clinical therapeutic antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a non-ARV lectin with potent anti-HIV activity. GRFT’s preclinical safety, lack of systemic absorption after vaginal administration in animal studies, and lack of cross-resistance with existing ARV drugs prompted its development for topical HIV PrEP. We investigated safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and immunogenicity of PC-6500 (0.1% GRFT in a carrageenan (CG) gel) in healthy women after vaginal administration. This randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, double-blind first-in-human phase 1 study enrolled healthy, HIV-negative, non-pregnant women aged 24–45 years. In the open label period, all participants (n = 7) received single dose of PC- 6500. In the randomized period, participants (n = 13) were instructed to self-administer 14 doses of PC-6500 or its matching CG placebo (PC-535) once daily for 14 days. The primary outcomes were safety and PK after single dose, and then after 14 days of dosing. Exploratory outcomes were GRFT concentrations in cervicovaginal fluids, PD, inflammatory mediators and gene expression in ectocervical biopsies. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, number NCT02875119. No significant adverse events were recorded in clinical or laboratory results or histopathological evaluations in cervicovaginal mucosa, and no anti-drug (GRFT) antibodies were detected in serum. No cervicovaginal proinflammatory responses and no changes in the ectocervical transcriptome were evident. Decreased levels of proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL8, CCL5 and CCL20) were observed. GRFT was not detected in plasma. GRFT and GRFT/CG in cervicovaginal lavage samples inhibited HIV and HPV, respectively, in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. These data suggest GRFT formulated in a CG gel is a safe and promising on-demand multipurpose prevention technology product that warrants further investigation

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10^18 eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding 4×1018 eVis presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than60◦ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies.Above 5.3×1018 eV, the ?ankle?, the flux can be described by a power law E −γ with index γ = 2.70 ± 0.02 (stat) ± 0.1 (sys) followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy(Es ) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find Es = (5.12 ± 0.25 (stat)−1.2 (sys))×10 eV.Fil: Aab, A.. Universität Siegen; AlemaniaFil: Abreu, P.. Universidade de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Aglietta, M.. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino; ItaliaFil: Ahn, E. J.. Fermilab; Estados UnidosFil: Al Samarai, I. Université Paris 11; FranciaFil: Allekotte, Ingomar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Almela, Daniel Alejandro. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; ArgentinaFil: Asorey, Hernán Gonzalo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Ave, M.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Avila, G.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; ArgentinaFil: Bertou, Xavier Pierre Louis. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Contreras, F.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Dasso, Sergio Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Dova, Maria Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Etchegoyen, Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Figueira, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Freire, Martín Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Beatriz Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Golup, Geraldina Tamara. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Berisso, Mariano. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Gómez Vitale, P. F.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; ArgentinaFil: González, N.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Hampel, Matias Rolf. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Hansen, Patricia Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Harari, Diego Dario. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Jarne, Cecilia Gisele. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Josebachuili Ogando, Mariela Gisele. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Kleinfeller, J.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; ArgentinaFil: Lucero, A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Mariazzi, Analisa Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Masías Meza, Jimmy Joel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Melo, Diego Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Micheletti, Maria Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Física de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mollerach, Maria Silvia. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Pallotta, Juan Vicente. Ministerio de Defensa. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Piegaia, Ricardo Nestor. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Pieroni, Pablo Emanuel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Platino, Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Purrello, Víctor Hugo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Quel, E. J.. Ministerio de Defensa. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Ravignani, D.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Ristori, Pablo Roberto. Ministerio de Defensa. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez Rojo, J.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; ArgentinaFil: Roulet, Esteban. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Rovero, Adrian Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez, F.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Sato, R.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; ArgentinaFil: Scarso, C.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; ArgentinaFil: Sciutto, Sergio Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Sidelnik, Iván Pedro. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Squartini, R.. Observatorio Pierre Auger; ArgentinaFil: Suarez, F.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Supanitsky, Alberto Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Taborda Pulgarin, Oscar Alejandro. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Tapia, A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Videla, M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; ArgentinaFil: Wahlberg, H.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Wainberg, O.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Tecnología en Detección y Astroparticulas; Argentin

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations

Studies of the mass composition of cosmic rays and proton-proton interaction cross-sections at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory

In this work, we present an estimate of the cosmic-ray mass composition from the distributions of the depth of the shower maximum (Xmax) measured by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We discuss the sensitivity of the mass composition measurements to the uncertainties in the properties of the hadronic interactions, particularly in the predictions of the particle interaction cross-sections. For this purpose, we adjust the fractions of cosmic-ray mass groups to fit the data with Xmax distributions from air shower simulations. We modify the proton-proton cross-sections at ultra-high energies, and the corresponding air shower simulations with rescaled nucleus-air cross-sections are obtained via Glauber theory. We compare the energy-dependent composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays obtained for the different extrapolations of the proton-proton cross-sections from low-energy accelerator data

Study of downward Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory, consisting of 1660 water-Cherenkov detectors (WCDs), covers 3000 km2 in the Argentinian pampa. Thanks to the high efficiency of WCDs in detecting gamma rays, it represents a unique instrument for studying downward Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) over a large area. Peculiar events, likely related to downward TGFs, were detected at the Auger Observatory. Their experimental signature and time evolution are very different from those of a shower produced by an ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray. They happen in coincidence with low thunderclouds and lightning, and their large deposited energy at the ground is compatible with that of a standard downward TGF with the source a few kilometers above the ground. A new trigger algorithm to increase the TGF-like event statistics was installed in the whole array. The study of the performance of the new trigger system during the lightning season is ongoing and will provide a handle to develop improved algorithms to implement in the Auger upgraded electronic boards. The available data sample, even if small, can give important clues about the TGF production models, in particular, the shape of WCD signals. Moreover, the SD allows us to observe more than one point in the TGF beam, providing information on the emission angle