50 Jahre UNDERSTANDING MEDIA

Vor 50 Jahren erschien "Understanding Media" von Marshall McLuhan. Das aktuelle "Navigationen"-Heft nimmt in fünf Beiträgen das Jubiläum zum Anlass, dieses Buch systematisch und historisch unter die Lupe zu nehmen. Die Beiträge setzen dazu an, die Situation des Buches zu verstehen, um etwas über seine Medien zu erfahren. Die Dramaturgie der Texte reicht von der handwerklichen Bearbeitung des Buches und seine Weitsicht hinsichtlich der Zukunft der Bücher über das Fernsehen seiner Zeit bis hin zur Rezeption seiner Inhalte in der deutschsprachigen Presse und seinem technikphilosophischen Kontext

Biographieorientierte Alltagsbegleitung für junge Menschen im Übergang Schule-Beruf

Aufgabe war die Wissenschaftliche Begleitung eines Projekts zur "Schaffung von nachhaltigen Strukturen zur beruflichen Integration von bildungsfernen Jugendlichen in einem Reutlinger Stadtteil (EU-Förderkontext XENOS/Folgeprojekt im Kontext ‚Soziale Stadt’)." In diesem Praxisentwicklungsprojekt ging es um den Auf- und Ausbau von formalisierten und nichtformalisierten Beratungs-, Begleitungs- und Unterstützungsstrukturen in einem sozial benachteiligten und benachteiligenden Stadtteil, um die Handlungsspielräume und Kompetenzentwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Jugendlichen im Übergang in die nachschulische Berufsbildung bzw. Erwerbseinmündung zu befördern. Im Vordergrund der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung stehen zwei Schwerpunkte: (1) Insbesondere unter den Aspekten Geschlecht und Migration soll die Mehrdeutigkeit und Ambivalenz heutiger Übergangsphasen mit ihren ungleichen Bildungschancen und sozialen Risiken und ihrer Vielfalt an möglichen Orientierungen und Lebensstilen in ihrem kontextbezogenen Niederschlag betrachtet werden. (2) Weiter sollte untersucht werden, ob es gelingt, in der Praxisentwicklung stigmatisierende und personalisierende Zuschreibungen zu verflüssigen und die negative Re-Territorialisierung sozialer Probleme zu verhindern. Gezeigt werden konnte u.a.: (1) Dass es – entgegen der Annahme der professionellen Akteure vor Ort – vielfältige Unterstützungsleistungen von Eltern für ihre Kinder gibt, die typisierbar sind als indirekte Unterstützungsleistung, als direkte Unterstützungsleistung oder als komplementäre Hilfe. (2) Dass die offene Jugendarbeit nicht für formale Schritte wie Bewerbungstraining, Praktikumssuche und Arbeitsvermittlung funktionalisiert werden darf, sondern ihre Funktion im Gefüge der biographischen Übergangsbegleitung primär in ihrem partizipativen Ansatz liegt, der es den Jugendlichen ermöglicht, Angebote mitzugestalten und eigene entwicklungsrelevante Themen einzubringen. Offene Jugendarbeit bietet dadurch ein Setting für alltagsnahe Bildungsprozesse. (3) Dass der biographische Bruch, der nach Ende der Hauptschule für die Jugendlichen zunächst entsteht, durch ein sozialräumlich abgestimmtes Handlungskonzept verringert werden kann

In situ detection of boron by ChemCam on Mars

We report the first in situ detection of boron on Mars. Boron has been detected in Gale crater at levels Curiosity rover ChemCam instrument in calcium-sulfate-filled fractures, which formed in a late-stage groundwater circulating mainly in phyllosilicate-rich bedrock interpreted as lacustrine in origin. We consider two main groundwater-driven hypotheses to explain the presence of boron in the veins: leaching of borates out of bedrock or the redistribution of borate by dissolution of borate-bearing evaporite deposits. Our results suggest that an evaporation mechanism is most likely, implying that Gale groundwaters were mildly alkaline. On Earth, boron may be a necessary component for the origin of life; on Mars, its presence suggests that subsurface groundwater conditions could have supported prebiotic chemical reactions if organics were also present and provides additional support for the past habitability of Gale crater

Imputation of Orofacial Clefting Data Identifies Novel Risk Loci and Sheds Light on the Genetic Background of Cleft Lip ± Cleft Palate and Cleft Palate Only.

Abstract Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) is among the most common human birth defects with multifactorial etiology. Here, we present results from a genome-wide imputation study of nsCL/P in which, after adding replication cohort data, four novel risk loci for nsCL/P are identified (at chromosomal regions 2p21, 14q22, 15q24 and 19p13). On a systematic level, we show that the association signalswithin this high-density datasetare enriched in functionally-relevant genomic regions that are active in both human neural crest cells (hNCC) and mouse embryonic craniofacial tissue. This enrichment is also detectable in hNCC regions primed for later activity. Using GCTA analyses, we suggest that 30% of the estimated variance in risk for nsCL/P in the European population can be attributed to common variants, with 25.5% contributed to by the 24 risk loci known to date. For each of these, we identify credible SNPs using a Bayesian refinementapproach, with two loci harbouring only one probable causal variant. Finally, we demonstrate that there is no polygenic component of nsCL/P detectable that is shared with nonsyndromic cleft palate only (nsCPO). Our data suggest that, while common variants are strongly contributing to risk for nsCL/P, they do not seem to be involved in nsCPO which might be more often caused by rare deleterious variants. Our study generates novel insights into both nsCL/P and nsCPO etiology and provides a systematic framework for research into craniofacial development and malformation

Extending the allelic spectrum at noncoding risk loci of orofacial clefting

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have generated unprecedented insights into the genetic etiology of orofacial clefting (OFC). The moderate effect sizes of associated noncoding risk variants and limited access to disease-relevant tissue represent considerable challenges for biological interpretation of genetic findings. As rare variants with stronger effect sizes are likely to also contribute to OFC, an alternative approach to delineate pathogenic mechanisms is to identify private mutations and/or an increased burden of rare variants in associated regions. This report describes a framework for targeted resequencing at selected noncoding risk loci contributing to nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate (nsCL/P), the most frequent OFC subtype. Based on GWAS data, we selected three risk loci and identified candidate regulatory regions (CRRs) through the integration of credible SNP information, epigenetic data from relevant cells/tissues, and conservation scores. The CRRs (total 57 kb) were resequenced in a multiethnic study population (1061 patients; 1591 controls), using single-molecule molecular inversion probe technology. Combining evidence from in silico variant annotation, pedigree- and burden analyses, we identified 16 likely deleterious rare variants that represent new candidates for functional studies in nsCL/P. Our framework is scalable and represents a promising approach to the investigation of additional congenital malformations with multifactorial etiology

Determinants of social media adoption by B2B organizations

This study contributes to the current dearth of knowledge on the potential of social media as a marketing tool in industrial settings, by focusing on factors that determine social media adoption by B2B organizations. A conceptual model, which draws on the technology acceptance model and resource-based theory, is developed and tested using quantitative data from B2B organizations in the UK. Findings suggest that perceived usefulness of social media within B2B organizational contexts is determined by image, perceived ease of use and perceived barriers. Additionally, the results show that adoption of social media is significantly affected by organizational innovativeness and perceived usefulness. The moderating role of organizational innovativeness is also tested but no support is found. The findings of the study are further validated via nine qualitative interviews with B2B senior managers, yielding additional interesting and in-depth insights into the drivers of social media adoption by B2B organizations

Framework and baseline examination of the German National Cohort (NAKO)

The German National Cohort (NAKO) is a multidisciplinary, population-based prospective cohort study that aims to investigate the causes of widespread diseases, identify risk factors and improve early detection and prevention of disease. Specifically, NAKO is designed to identify novel and better characterize established risk and protection factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory and infectious diseases in a random sample of the general population. Between 2014 and 2019, a total of 205,415 men and women aged 19–74 years were recruited and examined in 18 study centres in Germany. The baseline assessment included a face-to-face interview, self-administered questionnaires and a wide range of biomedical examinations. Biomaterials were collected from all participants including serum, EDTA plasma, buffy coats, RNA and erythrocytes, urine, saliva, nasal swabs and stool. In 56,971 participants, an intensified examination programme was implemented. Whole-body 3T magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 30,861 participants on dedicated scanners. NAKO collects follow-up information on incident diseases through a combination of active follow-up using self-report via written questionnaires at 2–3 year intervals and passive follow-up via record linkages. All study participants are invited for re-examinations at the study centres in 4–5 year intervals. Thereby, longitudinal information on changes in risk factor profiles and in vascular, cardiac, metabolic, neurocognitive, pulmonary and sensory function is collected. NAKO is a major resource for population-based epidemiology to identify new and tailored strategies for early detection, prediction, prevention and treatment of major diseases for the next 30 years. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10654-022-00890-5

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2-7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam's science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.In France was provided by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Human resources were provided in part by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and universities. Funding was provided in the US by NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Some funding of data analyses at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was provided by laboratory-directed research and development funds

Wissen-schaf(f)t Schreiben : Eine Untersuchung zur epistemologischen Haltung von UniversitätsprofessorInnen zum Wissensbegriff, verortet im Schreibprozess

Im Forschungsprojekt „Wissen- schaf(f)t schreiben“ wird die epistemologische Haltung von Wissenschaftler*innen gegenüber dem Wissensbegriff und seiner Verbindung mit dem Schreibprozess untersucht. Während das Wissen als Quelle zur Inhaltsproduktion in den Schreibprozessmodellen von Hayes & Flower (1980) dargestellt wird, stellt Römmer-Nossek (2017, 198) fest, dass sich das Wissen beim und durch das Schreiben verändert. Mittels der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring wurden vier Leitfaden-Interviews mit jeweils zwei Lehrenden aus der Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft ausgewertet. Es zeigt sich, dass abstrakte Wissenskonzepte sprachlich und inhaltlich von den Disziplinen geprägt sind. In der Literaturwissenschaft wird eher am Fakt festgehalten, in der Sprachwissenschaft spielen Macht und Diskursivität eine wichtige Rolle. Wissen im Schreiben verlangt Faktenwissen sowie Rechercheerfahrung, ist jedoch auch ein transformativer Prozess, der Wissen ordnet und gleichzeitig generiert. Der Schreibprozess erhält bei allen den Stellenwert eines diskursiven Prozesses, der eine epistemische Interaktion mit dem Schreibartefakt ermöglicht. Schreiben wird aufgefasst als ein enabling space, in dem eine epistemische Auseinandersetzung stattfinden kann und so zur Wissensgenerierung beiträgt

The Prow outcrop: an "open catalog" of multiscale 3D fluvial sedimentary structures in the lower sulfate unit of Gale crater (Mars)

International audienceThe Curiosity rover of the Mars Science Laboratory has been exploring since mid-2021 the lower sulfate unit of Mount Sharp in the Gale crater. This unit, first described from orbital observations as showing spectral signatures of hydrated sulfate minerals [1], has recently been revealed to record amajor paleoenvironmental and climatic transition during the Hesperian-Noachian transition, with the onset of alternating wet and dry conditions before a complete aridification of Martian conditions [2]. Before the current campaign, this unit was mainly studied using remote observations (e.g., [2, 3]), but Curiosity has now entered this major interval allowing to precisely study the rock record leadingto this major climatic event. Since the rover left the Glen Torridon area (aka the clay-bearing unit, Fig. 1), the Curiosity rover entered the sulfate-bearing unit (~Sol 3100, mid-2021; Fig. 1) and traversed sedimentary series mainly composed of fine to coarse sandstones. While no clear facies change or sharp contact hasbeen observed when entering the sulfate-bearing unit, these levels differ from the previously observed terrains in Gale by an increased occurrence of nodular features with a strong sulfate geochemical signature [4, 5], polygonal ridges [4], or even halite detections [6]. Otherwise, thesedimentary structures and grain-size are continuous across the upper members of the Carolyn Shoemaker formation and into the overlying Mirador formation, indicating a likely continuity in the continental settings for most of these deposits