61 research outputs found

    The impact of numeracy on gain and non-loss donation decisions

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    Es gibt viele verschiedene Spendenaufrufe, mit denen wir oftmals konfrontiert werden. Dabei wird unsere Reaktion auf diese Spendenaufrufe und insbesondere unser Spendenverhalten von vielen verschiedenen Faktoren beeinflusst. Diese Studie untersucht den Einfluss der numerischen FĂ€higkeiten auf das Spendenverhalten, wie unterschiedliche PrĂ€sentationsformen von Spendenaufrufen das Spendenverhalten beeinflussen und auf welche Mechanismen dies zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren ist. Die Versuchpersonen (N = 183) bekamen Informationen ĂŒber die bedĂŒrftigen Personen und darĂŒber, wie sie ihnen helfen könnten. Diese Informationen wurden entweder in einem Gewinn- oder Nicht-Verlust-Fokus prĂ€sentiert. Es wurden die Spendenbereitschaft und -höhe, sowie die affektiven Reaktionen der Versuchspersonen erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Empathie der Versuchspersonen mit niedrigen numerischen FĂ€higkeiten durch die PrĂ€sentationsformate beeinflusst werden. Ihre Empathie stieg, wenn die Informationen im Nicht-Verlust-Fokus prĂ€sentiert wurden. Versuchspersonen mit hohen numerischen FĂ€higkeiten wurden nicht beeinflusst. Ebenfalls zeigte sich, dass ein Spendenaufruf, welcher im Nicht-Verlust-Fokus prĂ€sentiert wird, die Spendenhöhe ansteigen lĂ€sst. Dieser Effekt zeigte sich insbesondere bei den Versuchspersonen mit niedrigen numerischen FĂ€higkeiten. Diese Ergebnisse erweitern unser VerstĂ€ndnis ĂŒber die Einflussfaktoren auf das Spendenverhalten. Ein Spendenaufruf, welcher die Informationen im Nicht-Verlust-Fokus prĂ€sentiert, kann zu höheren SpendenbeitrĂ€gen fĂŒhren. Zu beachten gilt allerdings, das dies nicht immer, sondern nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen gilt.Individuals are often confronted with donation appeals and many factors influence their donation behaviour. This study investigates the influence of numeracy and different presentation formats of the donation appeals as well as the underlying mechanisms on the donation behaviour. Participants (N = 183) were given information about the people in need and how they could help them, either in a gain frame format or in a non-loss frame format. Their willingness to donate, their donations amount and their affective reactions were measured. The results demonstrated that the empathy of individuals with lower numeracy was suggestible to changes in presentation format (i.e. rises in the nonloss frame format), whereas high numerate individuals were not influenced. It was also shown that if a donation appeal was presented in a non-loss frame format the donation amount rose more, the lower the numeracy of the individuals is. These results provide a further insight on the influencing factors of donation behaviour. In many cases, framing a donation appeal in a non-loss way might lead to higher donation amounts, but this does not apply for every individual case

    Fighting planktic algae with benthic algae

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    Die Eutrophierung des Heustadelwassers, ein ehemaliger Altarm der Donau im Prater bei Wien, fĂŒhrte zu schwerwiegenden Algenproblemen. Massenauftreten von Cyanoprokaryoten, welche fakultativ stark toxische Substanzen bilden können, Fischsterben und ĂŒble GerĂŒche waren Ausdruck starker Verschmutzung. Ein Weg, die Situation zu verbessern, besteht darin, die NĂ€hrstoffe im GewĂ€sser zu verringern. Dazu wurde 2007 ein Kiesfilter installiert. Wir testeten zusĂ€tzlich einen selbst entwickelten Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS), welcher auf dem Kiesfilter platziert wurden. Der ATS besteht aus einer kĂŒnstlichen Fließrinne, die mit Wasser des Heustadelwassers versorgt wird und in der sich mit der Zeit ein dicker Algenbiofilm entwickelt. Der Algenbiofilm nimmt NĂ€hrstoffe auf, welche durch Ernten der Biomasse entfernt werden. Die ATSs kombinieren die Steigerung der WasserqualitĂ€t mit Biomasseproduktion; dies ist insofern wĂŒnschenswert, als es momentan einen großen Bedarf an Biorohstoffen gibt. Ziel der Studie war es, das Wachstum, die ProduktivitĂ€t und die Zusammensetzung der Algenbiomasse zu beschreiben. ZusĂ€tzlich wurde das Potenzial der ATS-Technologie, NĂ€hrstoffe aus dem Heustadelwasser zu entfernen, evaluiert und die Biomasse im Hinblick auf Weiterverwertung untersucht. Drei Experimente wurden im Sommer 2011 durchgefĂŒhrt. Biomassemessungen und NĂ€hrstoffmessungen wurden dabei wöchentlich vorgenommen. ZusĂ€tzlich wurden einige Male die Nettoproduktion und Respiration gemessen und der physiologische Zustand der Algen untersucht. Das eingebrachte Wasser enthielt 34 bis 84 ”g l-1 Totalphosphor und die mittleren tĂ€glichen Lufttemperaturen bewegten sich zwischen 11 und 27°C. Je nach Durchlauf wurde die höchste Biomasse nach drei oder vier Wochen erreicht, welche zwischen 221,1 und 251,9 g m-2 Trockenmasse lag. Die maximale Phosphorentfernung lag im Mittel bei 13,14 mg m-2 d-1. Interessanterweise bestand die Biomasse zu ungefĂ€hr 74% aus Aschgewicht, wofĂŒr hauptsĂ€chlich Diatomeenschalen und andere anorganischen Partikel verantwortlich waren. ATSs im grĂ¶ĂŸeren Maßstab wĂŒrden am Heustadelwasser ungefĂ€hr 0,9 kg Phosphor innerhalb von fĂŒnf Sommermonaten entfernen, bei optimalen Ernteintervallen von drei Wochen und bei einer FlĂ€che, die der GrĂ¶ĂŸe des Kiesfilters entspricht (478 mÂČ). Die geerntete Biomasse ist beispielsweise als BodendĂŒnger verwendbar, da sie einen hohen NĂ€hrstoffgehalt besitzt. Diese Studie zeigte, dass ATSs auch in unseren Breitengraden durchaus sinnvoll zur Reinigung von belasteten GewĂ€ssern verwendet werden könnten.Anthropogenic eutrophication in surface waters may cause serious problems, such as fish kills, mass development of algae including cyanoprokaryotes, which sometimes produce severe toxins. In the current case study, drastic hydrological changes initiated an eutrophication process of the former Danube backwater Heustadelwasser. As a restoration measure, a gravel filter, followed by a phosphate trap was installed in 2007. Additionally, we installed a biological treatment using the ability of self-purification in streams, particularly through biofilms: we used artificial stream beds (algae turf scrubbers = ATS) situated at the gravel filter surface, which were periodically supplied with water from the Heustadelwasser. For removing nutrients, the biomass was harvested from time to time. The study aimed to estimate growth, productivity and composition of the algal biomass, to investigate the potential of the ATSs for nutrient removal at the Heustadelwasser and to examine the biomass with regard to further applications. Weekly measurements of biomass, nutrients and fatty acids were done during three growth runs from June to September 2011. Maximal removal rates of phosphorus were observed in August with about 19 mg total phosphorus m-2 d-1: peak biomass of approximately 250 g m-2 dry mass was achieved. In total, approximately 0.9 kg of phosphorus could be removed by a gravel filter sized ATSs within five summer months. Further use of the harvested biomass as fertilizer, fermentation feedstock or combustion fuel is possible. The pilot study showed that the ATS technology has great potential and provides an effective and ecologically sustainable way to remove nutrients from surface waters, with the positive effect of producing biomass

    Politische Bildung als EinĂŒbung in Demokratie

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    Politische Bildung ist in Österreichs Volksschulen im Grundsatzerlass zum Unterrichtsprinzip politische Bildung festgeschrieben. ErgĂ€nzend dazu gibt es das Kompetenzmodell politische Bildung fĂŒr LehrerInnen und SchĂŒlerInnen. DarĂŒber hinaus haben sich LehrerInnen an die Vorgaben des Lehrplans zu halten, der Unterrichtsinhalte und –Ziele festhĂ€lt. Wegen der Verschiedenartigkeit der Bestimmungen ist es sehr schwer, der politischen Bildung ein Profil zu verleihen. Schwierig ist daher auch die Abgrenzung von Nachbardisziplinen wie dem sozialen Lernen oder auch dem Demokratielernen – ein Begriff, der einen regelrechten Boom erlebt. Jene demokratischen AnsprĂŒche, welche sich in den verschiedenen Bestimmungen finden lassen, entsprechen nicht der liberal-demokratischen RealitĂ€t und sind von einem sehr klassischen Demokratiebegriff geprĂ€gt, der heute ĂŒberholt ist. Es verwundert –dank uneinheitlicher Bestimmungen- nicht, dass nur die wenigsten LehrerInnen ihre eigenen Kompetenzen in diesem Gebiet fĂŒr ausreichend halten. Durch ExpertInneninterviews hat sich das zerstreute Bild der politischen Bildung bestĂ€tigt: Auch ExpertInnen sind sich uneinig darĂŒber, was gelehrt werden sollte und welche Ziele die politische Bildung anstrebt

    Treatment of unstable occipital condylar fractures in children-a STROBE-compliant investigation

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    Background and objectives: Occipital condyle fractures (OCF) occur rarely in children. The choice of treatment is based on the Anderson–Montesano and Tuli classification systems. We evaluated the outcome of unstable OCF in children and adolescents after halo-vest therapy. Materials and Methods: We treated 6 pediatric patients for OCF, including 3 patients (2 girls, 1 boy) with unstable OCF. Among the 3 patients with unstable OCF, 2 patients presented with an Anderson–Montesano type III and Tuli type IIB injury, while 1 patient had an Anderson–Montesano type I fracture (Tuli type IIB) accompanied by a C1 fracture. On admission, the children underwent computed tomography (CT) of the head and cervical spine as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine. We treated the children diagnosed with unstable OCF with halo-vest immobilization. Before removing the halo vest at the end of therapy, we applied the CT and MRI to confirm OCF consolidation. At follow-up, we rated functionality of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) based on the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Questionnaire Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36). Results: All children achieved OCF consolidation after halo-vest therapy for a median of 13.0 weeks (range: 12.5–14.0 weeks). CT and MRI at the end of halo-vest therapy showed no signs of C0/C1 subluxation and confirmed the correct consolidation of OCF. The only complication associated with halo-vest therapy was a superficial infection caused by a halo-vest pin. At follow-up, all children exhibited favorable functionality of the CCJ as documented by the NDI score (median: 3 points; range: 3–11 points) and SF-36 score (median: 91 points; range: 64–96 points). Conclusions: In our small case series, halo-vest therapy resulted in good mid-term outcome in terms of OCF consolidation and CCJ functionality. In pediatric patients with suspected cervical spine injuries, we recommend CT and MRI of the CCJ to establish the diagnosis of OCF and confirm stable fracture consolidation before removing the halo vest

    Cytoplasmic LXR expression is an independent marker of poor prognosis for patients with early stage primary breast cancer

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    International audiencePurpose The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of liver X receptors α/ÎČ (LXR) in primary breast cancer (BC) tissues and to analyze its correlations with clinicopathological parameters including patient survival. Methods In a well-characterized cohort of 305 primary BC, subcellular distribution of LXR was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Correlations with clinicopathological characteristics as well as with patient outcome were analyzed. Results LXR was frequently localized in both nuclei and cytoplasms of BC cells, with stronger staining in nuclei. Total and nuclear LXR expression was positively correlated with ER and PR status. Overall survival analysis demonstrated that cytoplasmic LXR was significantly correlated with poor survival and appeared as an independent marker of poor prognosis, in stage I but not in stage II–III tumors Conclusion Altogether, these data suggest that cytoplasmic LXR could be defined as a prognostic marker in early stage primary BC

    The BMI1 inhibitor PTC-209 is a potential compound to halt cellular growth in biliary tract cancer cells

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    BMI1 is a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and is up-regulated in biliary tract cancer (BTC), contributing to aggressive clinical features. In this study we investigated the cytotoxic effects of PTC-209, a recently developed inhibitor of BMI1, in BTC cells. PTC-209 reduced overall viability in BTC cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion (0.04 - 20 ÎŒM). Treatment with PTC-209 led to slightly enhanced caspase activity and stop of cell proliferation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that PTC-209 caused cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint. A comprehensive investigation of expression changes of cell cycle-related genes showed that PTC-209 caused significant down-regulation of cell cycle-promoting genes as well as of genes that contribute to DNA synthesis initiation and DNA repair, respectively. This was accompanied by significantly elevated mRNA levels of cell cycle inhibitors. In addition, PTC-209 reduced sphere formation and, in a cell line-dependent manner, aldehyde dehydrogease-1 positive cells. We conclude that PTC-209 might be a promising drug for future in vitro and in vivo studies in BTC

    Deforming, revolving and resolving - New paths in the string theory landscape

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    In this paper we investigate the properties of series of vacua in the string theory landscape. In particular, we study minima to the flux potential in type IIB compactifications on the mirror quintic. Using geometric transitions, we embed its one dimensional complex structure moduli space in that of another Calabi-Yau with h^{1,1}=86 and h^{2,1}=2. We then show how to construct infinite series of continuously connected minima to the mirror quintic potential by moving into this larger moduli space, applying its monodromies, and moving back. We provide an example of such series, and discuss their implications for the string theory landscape.Comment: 41 pages, 5 figures; minor corrections, published versio

    Adaptation of High-Throughput Screening in Drug Discovery—Toxicological Screening Tests

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    High-throughput screening (HTS) is one of the newest techniques used in drug design and may be applied in biological and chemical sciences. This method, due to utilization of robots, detectors and software that regulate the whole process, enables a series of analyses of chemical compounds to be conducted in a short time and the affinity of biological structures which is often related to toxicity to be defined. Since 2008 we have implemented the automation of this technique and as a consequence, the possibility to examine 100,000 compounds per day. The HTS method is more frequently utilized in conjunction with analytical techniques such as NMR or coupled methods e.g., LC-MS/MS. Series of studies enable the establishment of the rate of affinity for targets or the level of toxicity. Moreover, researches are conducted concerning conjugation of nanoparticles with drugs and the determination of the toxicity of such structures. For these purposes there are frequently used cell lines. Due to the miniaturization of all systems, it is possible to examine the compound’s toxicity having only 1–3 mg of this compound. Determination of cytotoxicity in this way leads to a significant decrease in the expenditure and to a reduction in the length of the study

    Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

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    IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

    Wiederbelebung des alten Hafens in Triest “Urban Activator - New Design Port”

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    Abweichender Titel nach Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersDer Ort Triest, die Hafenstadt an der Adria, birgt viele interessante PlĂ€tze und AnstĂ¶ĂŸe fĂŒr eine Konzeption und die Ausarbeitung eines Entwurfs. Eines der grĂ¶ĂŸten Entwicklungsgebiete in der Stadt ist der Alte Hafen, genannt „Porto Vecchio“, welcher verlassen ist und vom Stadtzentrum abgespert wurde. Diese Situation bietet Potential fĂŒr die Entwicklung neuer architektonischer Projekte mit nachhaltigen AnsĂ€tzen. Der Hafen wurde ehemals mit einem Dampfkraftwerk angetrieben und das GebĂ€ude der „Centrale Idrodinamica“ war das HerzstĂŒck des Porto Vecchios. Von ihm aus ging die Kraft und Energie um KrĂ€ne, BrĂŒcken und LastenwĂ€gen zum Funktionieren zu bringen. Welche Maschinen braucht es zukĂŒnftig als GebĂ€ude mit spezifischen Nutzungen, um den Porto Vecchio wieder aufleben zu lassen, ihn anzutreiben und zu bewegen?Trieste, the port city on the Adriatic, offers a lot of fascinating places and interesting ideas to design a project. The biggest area that needs to be developed, is the abandoned Old Port located in the city centre with a blocked access for citizens. For these reasons, the so-called Porto Vecchio Trieste has great potential for the building development of new, sustainable and innovative architectural projects.At the end of the 19th century, the steam power plant “Centrale Idrodinamica” was the core of all the activities. It was responsible for the energy supply of cranes, bridges and train wagons.What kind of building and program could be suitable to the needs of the reopened Porto Vecchio in order to boost its productive activities in a new way?28
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