76 research outputs found
Relative toxicity of gossypol enantiomers in laying and broiler breeder hens
Gossypol, a natural component of cottonseed
meal, exists in positive (+) or negative (−) enantiomeric
forms, and their levels and ratio could be altered
by developing new genetic strains of cotton. Two experiments
were conducted to determine the relative toxicity of
the individual gossypol enantiomers in laying and broiler
breeder hens. In the first experiment, 25 individually
caged Hy-Line W-36 forty-three-week-old laying hens
were fed a standard corn-soy diet supplemented with
either no gossypol or the individual enantiomers at 200
and 400 mg/kg of diet for 20 d (5 hens/treatment). In
the second experiment, 15 individually caged Cobb 500
fast-feathering 44-wk-old broiler breeder hens were fed
a standard corn-soy-wheat middlings diet supplemented
with either no gossypol or the individual enantiomers at
400 mg/kg of diet for 18 d (5 hens/treatment). In both
experiments, feed intake, egg production, and egg weight
were determined daily. All eggs were individually
opened and scored for yolk discoloration. At the end of
both experiments, several organ and tissue samples were
collected for gossypol analyses. In both experiments, the
addition of (+)-gossypol to the diet reduced egg production.
Only laying and broiler breeder hens fed (+)-gossypol
produced eggs with severe yolk discoloration (score
≥ 4). Total feed intake was lower (P < 0.05) in laying hens
fed the 400 mg/kg level of (+)-gossypol compared with
laying hens fed the other dietary treatments. In contrast,
broiler breeder hens consumed less of the diet supplemented
with (−)-gossypol. In both experiments, tissue
accumulation of (+)-gossypol was higher than (−)-gossypol,
with the exception of bile and excreta. The results
suggest that in hens the ingestion of (+)-gossypol has a
greater effect on egg yolk discoloration than the consumption
of (−)-gossypol
Relative toxicity of gossypol enantiomers in broilers
Use of cottonseed meal in poultry diets has
been avoided in large part because of fear of gossypol
toxicity. Gossypol exists naturally as a mixture of 2 enantiomers
that exhibit different biological activities. Two experiments
were conducted to determine the relative toxicity
of gossypol enantiomers on broilers. In the first experiment,
3-d-old broilers were fed a standard diet containing
0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg of gossypol from gossypol
acetic acid per kilogram of diet from 3 to 42 d of age.
This form of gossypol contains both enantiomers in an
equimolar ratio. Each dietary treatment consisted of 6
replicate pens of 4 birds. In the second experiment, 3-dold
broilers were divided into 15 pens of 4 birds each
and fed a standard diet supplemented with either no
gossypol or one of the gossypol enantiomers at 200 or
400 mg/kg of diet from 3 to 21 d of age. In both experiments,
feed intake and BW gain were measured. In addi-
(Key words: cottonseed meal, gossypol, gossypol enantiomer, broiler)
2005 Poultry Science 84:1376–1382
INTRODUCTION
Cottonseed meal (CSM) could be an attractive alternative
protein source for poultry diets, but concern over
the presence of the potentially toxic agent, gossypol, has
limited its use. Gossypol [1,1′,6,6′,7,7′-hexahydroxy-5,5′-
diisopropyl-3, 3′-dimethyl-(2, 2′- binaphthalene)-8, 8′-dicarboxaldehyde]
is a polyphenolic compound located in
pigment glands that are distributed throughout the cotton
plant. Gossypol is composed of 2 naphthalene rings with
restricted rotation around the bond connecting the rings.
As a result of this restricted rotation, gossypol occurs
naturally as a mixture of 2 enantiomers [(+)- and (−)-
2005 Poultry Science Association, Inc.
Received for publication February 7, 2005.
Accepted for publication May 5, 2005.
1This research was supported in part by grant 2631RE683-118 from
the Georgia Cotton Commission, Perry, GA.
2Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is
solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not
imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture.
3To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected].
1376
tion, several organ and tissue samples were collected at
21 d (experiments 1 and 2) and 42 d (experiment 1) of
age and analyzed for gossypol. In experiment 1, feed
consumption and BW gain were reduced (P < 0.05) at 21
and 42 d for the birds fed the highest level of gossypol.
The concentration of gossypol in the heart, kidney, and
plasma were equivalent at 21 and 42 d of age. In experiment
2, total feed consumption was reduced only in birds
consuming (−)-gossypol, but BW gains were lower for
birds fed either enantiomer. However, (−)-gossypol was
more detrimental to growth than (+)-gossypol. The liver
had the highest tissue concentration of both enantiomers,
and accumulation of (+)-gossypol was higher than (−)-
gossypol in all tissues examined. No racemization of the
enantiomers was apparent in the tissues analyzed. Our
results indicated that both gossypol enantiomers were
toxic to broilers but that (−)-gossypol was more harmful
to efficient broiler production than (+)-gossypol
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the determination of free gossypol in cottonseed meal
Gossypol is a toxic polyphenolic compound produced by the pigment glands of the cotton
plant. The free gossypol content of cottonseed meal (CSM) is commonly determined by the
American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) wet chemistry method. The AOCS method, however,
laboratory-intensive, time-consuming, and therefore, not practical for quick field analyses.
To determine if the free gossypol content of CSM could be predicted by near infrared reflectance
spectroscopy (NIRS), CSM samples were collected from all over the world. All CSM samples
were ground and a portion of each analyzed for free gossypol by the AOCS procedure (reference
data) and by NIRS (reflectance data). Both reflectance and reference data were combined in
calibration. The coefficient of determination (r2) and standard error of prediction (SEP) were
used to assess the calibration accuracy. The r2 was 0.728, and the SEP was 0.034 for the
initial calibration that included samples from all over the world. However, the r2 and SEP
improved to 0.921 and 0.014, respectively, if the calibration was made using CSM samples
only from the United States. These results indicate that a general prediction equation can be
developed to predict the free gossypol content of CSM by NIRS. From a practical standpoint,
NIRS technology provides a method for quickly assessing whether a particular batch of CSM
has a free gossypol content low enough to be suitable for use in poultry diets.This research was supported in part by grant 05-635GA from the Georgian Cotton Commission, Perry, G
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Reply to: New Meta- and Mega-analyses of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Schizophrenia: Do They Really Increase Our Knowledge About the Nature of the Disease Process?
This work was supported by National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Grant No. U54EB020403 (to the ENIGMA consortium)
MIR137 polygenic risk for schizophrenia and ephrin-regulated pathway:Role in lateral ventricles and corpus callosum volume
Background/Objective:Enlarged lateral ventricle (LV) volume and decreased volume in the corpus callosum (CC) are hallmarks of schizophrenia (SZ). We previously showed an inverse correlation between LV and CC volumes in SZ, with global functioning decreasing with increased LV volume. This study investigates the relationship between LV volume, CC abnormalities, and the microRNA MIR137 and its regulated genes in SZ, because of MIR137’s essential role in neurodevelopment. Methods:Participants were 1224 SZ probands and 1466 unaffected controls from the GENUS Consortium. Brain MRI scans, genotype, and clinical data were harmonized across cohorts and employed in the analyses. Results:Increased LV volumes and decreased CC central, mid-anterior, and mid-posterior volumes were observed in SZ probands. The MIR137-regulated ephrin pathway was significantly associated with CC:LV ratio, explaining a significant proportion (3.42 %) of CC:LV variance, and more than for LV and CC separately. Other pathways explained variance in either CC or LV, but not both. CC:LV ratio was also positively correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning, supporting previous subsample findings. SNP-based heritability estimates were higher for CC central:LV ratio (0.79) compared to CC or LV separately.Discussion:Our results indicate that the CC:LV ratio is highly heritable, influenced in part by variation in the MIR137-regulated ephrin pathway. Findings suggest that the CC:LV ratio may be a risk indicator in SZ that correlates with global functioning.</p
MIR137 polygenic risk for schizophrenia and ephrin-regulated pathway:Role in lateral ventricles and corpus callosum volume
Background/Objective:Enlarged lateral ventricle (LV) volume and decreased volume in the corpus callosum (CC) are hallmarks of schizophrenia (SZ). We previously showed an inverse correlation between LV and CC volumes in SZ, with global functioning decreasing with increased LV volume. This study investigates the relationship between LV volume, CC abnormalities, and the microRNA MIR137 and its regulated genes in SZ, because of MIR137’s essential role in neurodevelopment. Methods:Participants were 1224 SZ probands and 1466 unaffected controls from the GENUS Consortium. Brain MRI scans, genotype, and clinical data were harmonized across cohorts and employed in the analyses. Results:Increased LV volumes and decreased CC central, mid-anterior, and mid-posterior volumes were observed in SZ probands. The MIR137-regulated ephrin pathway was significantly associated with CC:LV ratio, explaining a significant proportion (3.42 %) of CC:LV variance, and more than for LV and CC separately. Other pathways explained variance in either CC or LV, but not both. CC:LV ratio was also positively correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning, supporting previous subsample findings. SNP-based heritability estimates were higher for CC central:LV ratio (0.79) compared to CC or LV separately.Discussion:Our results indicate that the CC:LV ratio is highly heritable, influenced in part by variation in the MIR137-regulated ephrin pathway. Findings suggest that the CC:LV ratio may be a risk indicator in SZ that correlates with global functioning.</p
Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 control subjects via the enhancing neuro Imaging genetics through meta analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium
BACKGROUND: The profile of cortical neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia is not fully understood, despite hundreds of published structural brain imaging studies. This study presents the first meta-analysis of cortical thickness and surface area abnormalities in schizophrenia conducted by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Schizophrenia Working Group.
METHODS: The study included data from 4474 individuals with schizophrenia (mean age, 32.3 years; range, 11-78 years; 66% male) and 5098 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32.8 years; range, 10-87 years; 53% male) assessed with standardized methods at 39 centers worldwide.
RESULTS: Compared with healthy volunteers, individuals with schizophrenia have widespread thinner cortex (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.530/-0.516) and smaller surface area (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.251/-0.254), with the largest effect sizes for both in frontal and temporal lobe regions. Regional group differences in cortical thickness remained significant when statistically controlling for global cortical thickness, suggesting regional specificity. In contrast, effects for cortical surface area appear global. Case-control, negative, cortical thickness effect sizes were two to three times larger in individuals receiving antipsychotic medication relative to unmedicated individuals. Negative correlations between age and bilateral temporal pole thickness were stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in healthy volunteers. Regional cortical thickness showed significant negative correlations with normalized medication dose, symptom severity, and duration of illness and positive correlations with age at onset.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the ENIGMA meta-analysis approach can achieve robust findings in clinical neuroscience studies; also, medication effects should be taken into account in future genetic association studies of cortical thickness in schizophrenia
Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex
The two hemispheres of the human brain differ functionally and structurally. Despite over a century of research, the extent to which brain asymmetry is influenced by sex, handedness, age, and genetic factors is still controversial. Here we present the largest ever analysis of subcortical brain asymmetries, in a harmonized multi-site study using meta-analysis methods. Volumetric asymmetry of seven subcortical structures was assessed in 15,847 MRI scans from 52 datasets worldwide. There were sex differences in the asymmetry of the globus pallidus and putamen. Heritability estimates, derived from 1170 subjects belonging to 71 extended pedigrees, revealed that additive genetic factors influenced the asymmetry of these two structures and that of the hippocampus and thalamus. Handedness had no detectable effect on subcortical asymmetries, even in this unprecedented sample size, but the asymmetry of the putamen varied with age. Genetic drivers of asymmetry in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia may affect variability in human cognition, including susceptibility to psychiatric disorders
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