Economic deprivation, maternal depression, parenting and children's cognitive and emotional development in early childhood

This study uses data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to examine the extent to which economic circumstances in infancy and mother's mental well-being are associated with children's cognitive development and behaviour problems at age 3 years, and what part parenting behaviours and attitudes play in mediating these factors. The analyses derived from Structural Equation Modelling show that economic deprivation and maternal depression separately and collectively diminish the cognitive and emotional well-being of children, and part of this diminution emanates from less nurturing and engaged parenting by those with less economic and emotional resources

The Intersecting Association of Speaking a Non-Dominant Language and Lower Healthcare Access on Self-Reported Depression Among U.S. Adults: A Cross Sectional Study using NHANES Data (2015-March 2020)

Objective: This analytic study examined the joint and independent associations between language preferences and healthcare access on moderate to severe depression among non-institutionalized adults living in the U.S., using data from the 2015 to March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: In this cross-sectional study design, we analyzed a nationally representative data set comprised of 11,051 participants. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the joint and independent associations between our dual exposures and moderate to severe depression, adjusting for key demographic variables based on our theoretical framework. We created categorical measures of preferred language (speaking a non-dominant or dominant language in the U.S.) and healthcare access (uninsured, inadequately insured, and adequately insured) based on previous research and theories of healthcare access. Depression severity was assessed using the validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). All measures were based on self-report. Results: The prevalence of moderate to severe depression in the analytic sample was 8.2% (95% CI: 7.5%, 8.9%). Participants who spoke a non-dominant language and were adequately insured had a lower estimated prevalence of experiencing moderate to severe depression compared to the reference group (speaking a dominant language and adequately insured), with an observed adjusted OR of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.52, 1.52). In contrast, the prevalence odds of moderate-severe depression among those who spoke a dominant language and were inadequately insured was 1.56 times (95% CI: 1.11, 2.18) higher compared to the reference group. Compared to the referent group, participants with both co-exposures present (inadequate insurance and speaking a non-dominant language) had 0.66 (95% CI: 0.34, 1.30) times lower adjusted odds of reporting moderate to severe depression. Individuals who spoke a non-dominant language and were uninsured also reported a lower adjusted odds ratio of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.93) of experiencing moderate to severe depression compared to those who spoke a dominant language and were uninsured, who reported an adjusted odds ratio of 1.17 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.52). The interactions between language and healthcare access with depression in the adjusted model and were significant below the p Conclusion: Findings suggest that speaking a non-dominant language when adequately insured could be a protective factor for depression, independent of potential confounders. We also found evidence of an interaction between the healthcare access measure based on insurance status and speaking a non-dominant language. Our findings underscore the need for future research that extricates the effect of language use and healthcare access on depression by considering longitudinal designs, more comprehensive access measures, and mixed methods with a qualitative component that captures the lived experiences of multilingual participants

A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Intentional Self Regulation and Youth Beliefs about the Chances of Achieving Future Aspirations

Using a mixed methods approach, the connection between Intentional Self Regulation (ISR) and feelings about the chances of achieving future aspirations among 94 Scottish youth (56% female) was examined. Regression analyses demonstrated ISR, as measured by the SOC 9-item scale, was predictive of youths’ feelings about their chances of achieving future aspirations. Qualitative data collected from 26 interviews suggested the use of ISR skills among adolescents, even when those skills were not evident quantitatively. Results indicated the need to employ mixed methodologies when conducting research on ISR with young adolescents, and suggest the need for further testing and development of measures for both ISR and beliefs about the chances of achieving future aspirations. Potential programmatic implications for youth development and character education programs are also discussed

El enfoque constructivo de la auditoría en la gestión por resultados de las universidades públicas

The investigation purpose was to describe the aptitudes, attitudes and constructive behaviors that the auditor assumes when formulating and implementing an audit program addressed to the effective and efficient use of the resources of public universities, searching the optimization of its management by results. The study type was qualitative, in the Applied level of non-experimental design; the descriptive method was used, according to the period of execution: transverse of correlational descriptive type; according to the purpose of the investigation it was applied to a stratified probabilistic sample of 332 people who take part of the organ of government, permanent professors and office workers of public universities who are part of the Consortium of Universities of the Center of the Peru. Integrated by the national universities: Hermilio Valdizan of Huánuco, of Centro de Huancayo, Daniel Alcides Carrión of Cerro de Pasco and of Huancavelica. The instrument was the survey where the technique of the questionnaire was used which was applied to the analysis unit. The data were processed using of the statistical inference; the hypothesis testing was performed using the non- parametric statistical of the chi – square test. It is concluded that, of the results achieved: it is evidenced that the 2988 data extracted, 97.72% (2920) confirms that there is a positive incidence of the constructive approach of the audit based on the aptitude, attitude and behavior of the auditor in the determination of the efficient use of the resources, effective and optimum management by results of public universities. While 2.28% (68) shows that there is not any degree of incidence doesn't exist.La investigación tuvo como propósito describir las aptitudes, actitudes y conductas constructivas que asume el auditor al formular y ejecutar un programa de auditoría orientada hacia el uso eficaz y eficiente de los recursos de las universidades públicas, en busca de la optimización de su gestión por resultados. El tipo de estudio fue cualitativo, en el nivel Aplicativo de diseño no-experimental; se utilizó el método descriptivo, según el período de ejecución: transversal de tipo descriptivo correlacional, de acuerdo a la finalidad de la  investigación fue aplicada a una muestra probabilística estratificada de 332 personas que conforman el órgano de gobierno, docentes y administrativos nombrados de las universidades  públicas que forman parte del Consorcio de Universidades del Centro del Perú. Integrada por las universidades nacionales: Hermilio Valdizan de Huánuco, del Centro de Huancayo, Daniel Alcides Carrión de Cerro de Pasco y de Huancavelica. El instrumento empleado fue la encuesta donde se utilizó la técnica del cuestionario que se aplicó a la unidad de análisis. Los datos fueron procesados mediante la estadística inferencial, la comprobación de hipótesis se hizo mediante la prueba estadística no paramétrica de la Ji - Cuadrada. Se concluye que, de los resultados obtenidos: se evidencia que de los 2988 datos extraídos, el 97.72% (2920) se  confirma que existe una incidencia positiva del enfoque constructivo de la auditoría fundamentado en la aptitud, actitud y conducta del auditor en la determinación del uso eficiente de los recursos, ecaz y óptima gestión por resultados de las universidades públicas. Mientras que el 2.28% (68) revelan que no existe ningún grado de incidencia

Using Cognitive Interviewing to Test Youth Survey and Interview Items in Evaluation: A Case Example

Background: Cognitive interviewing is a pretesting tool used by evaluators to increase item and response option validity. Cognitive interviewing techniques are used to assess the cognitive processes utilized by participants to respond to items. This approach is particularly appropriate for testing items with children and adolescents who have more limited cognitive capacities than adults, vary in their cognitive development, and have a unique perspective on their life experiences and context. Purpose: This paper presents a case example of cognitive interviewing with youth as part of a national program evaluation, and aims to expand the use of cognitive interviewing as a pretesting tool for both quantitative and qualitative items in evaluation studies involving youth. Setting: Youth participants were located in four regions of the United States: Northeast, Central, Southern, and Western. Interviewers were located at Montclair State University. Intervention: Not applicable. Research design: A cognitive interview measure was designed to include a subset of survey items, interview questions, and verbal probes, to evaluate if these items and questions would be understood as intended by both younger and older youth participants. An iterative design was used with cognitive interviewing testing rounds, analysis, and revisions. Data Collection and Analysis: The cognitive interview was administered by phone to 10 male youth, five from the 10-13-year-old age range and five from the 15-17-year-old age range. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, reviewed, and coded. Survey items and interview questions were revised based on feedback from the participants and consensus agreement among the evaluation team. Item revisions were included in further testing rounds with new participants. Findings: As a result of using cognitive interviewing to pretest survey and interview items with youth, response errors were identified. Participants did not understand some of the items and response options as intended, indicating problems with validity. These findings support the use of cognitive interviewing for testing and modifying survey items adapted for use with youth, as well as qualitative interview items. Additionally, the perspective of the youth participants was valuable for informing decisions to modify items and helping the evaluators learn the participants’ program culture and experiences. Based on the findings and limitations of the study, we give practice recommendations for future studies using cognitive interviewing with a youth sample. Keywords: cognitive interviewing; item validity; response error; verbal probes; pre-testing surveys; qualitative evaluation; interviewing children and adolescents; survey developmen

DESACATO AL PRINCIPIO DE LEGALIDAD EN EL CONCURSO PUBLICO DE PLAZAS DOCENTES EN LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL HERMILIO VALDIZAN DE HUANUCO 2017

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo verificar de qué manera el desacato al principio de legalidad se promueve al direccionar el concurso público de plaza docente en la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizan de Huánuco 2017. El método de acuerdo al propósito de la investigación, y la naturaleza del problema formulados se orienta a ser una investigación aplicada de tipo producción de tecnología sustantiva, es una investigación no experimental transversal (transeccionales) "descriptiva" sin precisar sentido de causalidad; de acuerdo a la finalidad de la investigación, la población y muestra de estudio lo constituyeron tres postulantes al concurso de plaza docente ordinario para nombramiento en la UNHEVAL 2017 - III, por ser personas conocedoras de la problemática. El resultado obtenido de los 27 datos extraídos, el 100.00 % de la unidad de medida formada por la muestra, manifestaron que, el desacato al principio de legalidad se promueve con el direccionamiento del concurso público de plazas docentes en la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizan de Huánuco 2017. Se concluye que, se confirma el desacato al principio de legalidad en cuanto al incumplimiento de la Constitución Política del Estado, el desacato a la validez y confiabilidad de los actos académicos y la veracidad de los hechos, que fueron promovidos por un concurso público de plazas docentes conducida por miembros de la comisión evaluadora con una moral cuestionada, conflicto de intereses y abuso de poder.Tesi

Intentional Self Regulation and Positive Youth Development: Implications for Youth Development Programs

Character education programs are mission-aligned with the positive youth development (PYD) perspective, which, in research with American youth suggests that intentional self-regulation (ISR) develops through mutually beneficial interactions between youth and their environment. Cross-cultural studies of Western youth suggest an adolescence-specific ISR process may exist. We begin to extend this work to assess the relationship between ISR and positive development in young Scottish adolescents (approximately 7th grade, N = 82; 50% male), a previously unexamined group. ISR was correlated with the Five Cs of PYD and OLS regression analyses demonstrated that ISR predicted two of the Five Cs: Character and Connection. We discuss implications for youth development programs of the findings that ISR and some indices of PYD were linked in a sample of Scottish youth

Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim : a meta-analysis study

Objective: Being bullied has adverse effects on children's health. Children's family experiences and parenting behavior before entering school help shape their capacity to adapt and cope at school and have an impact on children's peer relationship, hence it is important to identify how parenting styles and parent–child relationship are related to victimization in order to develop intervention programs to prevent or mitigate victimization in childhood and adolescence. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on parenting behavior and peer victimization using MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Eric and EMBASE from 1970 through the end of December 2012. We included prospective cohort studies and cross-sectional studies that investigated the association between parenting behavior and peer victimization. Results: Both victims and those who both bully and are victims (bully/victims) were more likely to be exposed to negative parenting behavior including abuse and neglect and maladaptive parenting. The effects were generally small to moderate for victims (Hedge's g range: 0.10–0.31) but moderate for bully/victims (0.13–0.68). Positive parenting behavior including good communication of parents with the child, warm and affectionate relationship, parental involvement and support, and parental supervision were protective against peer victimization. The protective effects were generally small to moderate for both victims (Hedge's g: range: −0.12 to −0.22) and bully/victims (−0.17 to −0.42). Conclusions: Negative parenting behavior is related to a moderate increase of risk for becoming a bully/victim and small to moderate effects on victim status at school. Intervention programs against bullying should extend their focus beyond schools to include families and start before children enter school

Navigating the Tides of Change: Girls’ Experiences in Scouts BSA

On February 1, 2019, Boy Scouts of America officially accepted girls into its signature program (ages 11–18) and changed its name to Scouts BSA. This historic shift provided a novel opportunity for researchers to investigate the experiences of some of the first 13 girls to enter this traditionally all-boy space and examine how participation influenced sense of self and purpose. A qualitative phenomenological approach was adopted to explore girls’ experiences and perceptions and meanings they constructed, using secondary data consisting of 38 transcribed interviews from all 13 girls. Girls ranged in age from 12–18 years old (M = 13.72, SD = 1.51), were mostly white (84.6%), and came from predominantly upper middle-income households (69.2%). Our analysis revealed expanded sense of self and empowerment to be the essences of girls’ experiences in Scouts BSA, which contributed to identity and purpose development. Subthemes included feelings of competence and confidence, embracing “boy activities,” and focus on rank advancement

Evaluación de la desulfurización del producto líquido de pirólisis térmica de neumáticos fuera de uso utilizando sales de magnesio (MgCl2-MgCO3)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el contenido de azufre en el producto líquido a partir del pirólisis de neumático fuera de uso (NFU) empleando sales de magnesio (MgCl2-MgCO3) en un reactor de lecho fijo, con el fin de establecer un método de desulfurización. El diseño experimental propuesto fue de 23 con dos replicas, donde para todos los experimentos se consideró: Tamaño de partícula de NFU < 0.595 mm, tiempo de residencia de 150 minutos y una temperatura de operación 500 °C. Las variables del proceso considerados fueron el porcentaje en masa de sales de magnesio (5% y 10%), presión de operación (10 psi y 20 psi) y gradiente de calentamiento (7.5°C/min y 10 °C/min); y las variables analizadas fueron los rendimientos de los productos obtenidos y el contenido de azufre en el líquido de pirólisis. El mayor rendimiento del producto el sólido (10 % p/p, 20 psi y 7.5 °C/min), líquido (5 % p/p y 7.5 °C/min) y gas (10 °C/min) fueron 51.462%, 43.748 % y 20.310% respectivamente. La menor concentración de azufre (0.993 ppm) en el líquido de pirólisis fue al 10% p/p. El análisis del contenido de azufre en el líquido de pirólisis empleando sales de magnesio (espectrometría XRF) se comparó con respecto a un líquido de pirólisis de NFU sin usar sales de magnesio; donde se evidenció una desulfurización del 22.5% y 26.3% empleando un porcentaje de fracción másica de sales de magnesio al 5 % p/p y 10 % p/p respectivamente. La comparación de estos resultados demuestra una desulfurización