2,287 research outputs found
Orthographic Depth Modulates Reading Route Selection: An Electrical Neuroimaging Study
Introduction
The orthographic Depth Hypothesis (Katz and Feldman, 1983) posits that different reading routes are engaged depending on the expertise of the reader but also on the type of grapheme/phoneme correspondence of the language being read. Shallow orthographies (e.g. German and Italian) with consistent grapheme to phoneme correspondences favor encoding via non-lexical pathways, where each phoneme is sequentially mapped to its corresponding grapheme. In contrast, deep orthographies (e.g. French and English), with inconsistent grapheme to phoneme correspondences favor lexical pathways, where phonemes are retrieved from memory structures. Only few studies investigated the impact of orthographic depth on brain response while reading. Moreover, because they used between subject or cross-language designs, the interpretability of previous studies on the effect of orthographic depth is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of orthographic depth on reading route selection using an experimental design enabling isolating the effect of orthographic depth.
Method
We presented the same pseudowords (PWs) to highly proficient bilinguals and manipulated the orthographic depth of PW reading by embedding them among two separated language contexts (German and French), implicating either shallow or deep orthography. High density 128-channel electroencephalography was recorded during the task.
Results
The topographies of the event-related potential were different between PWs read in deep orthographic context and PWs read in shallow orthographic context at 300-360ms after stimulus onset, indicating distinct brain networks engaged in reading during this time window. The brain source underlying these topographic effects were located within left inferior frontal, left parietal and left cingular areas.
Conclusion
We propose that in deep orthographic context, reading PWs cannot rely on the routine lexical pathways and thus switching to the non-lexical route is necessary. In controast, reading in a shallow orthographic context favors non-lexical route processing which fits PW reading. The topographic modulation might thus reflect the recruitment of lexical pathways in the deep but not in the shallow context. Analysis of electrical source estimation over the period of topographic modulation supports this hypothesis by showing that inferior frontal areas, a region shown to subserve phonological processing, is differentially engaged between the deep vs shallow conditions. In addition, a difference in the activity of parietal-cingular areas suggests a modulation of attentional demands related to route selection processes. Non-lexical route may be less automatized than lexical route processing. These collective results support a modulation of reading route selection by orthographic depth
Systematic study of optical potential strengths in reactions on Sn 120 involving strongly bound, weakly bound, and exotic nuclei
We present new experimental angular distributions for the elastic scattering of Li6+Sn120 at three bombarding energies. We include these data in a wide systematic involving the elastic scattering of He4,6,Li7, Be9,B10, and O16,18 projectiles on the same target at energies around the respective Coulomb barriers. Considering this data set, we report on optical model analyses based on the double-folding São Paulo potential. Within this approach, we study the sensitivity of the data fit to different models for the nuclear matter densities and to variations in the optical potential strengths.Fil: Alvarez, M. A. G.. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: Fernández García, J. P.. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: León García, J. L.. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: Rodríguez Gallardo, M.. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: Gasques, L. R.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Chamon, L. C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Zagatto, V. A. B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Lépine Szily, A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Oliveira, J. R. B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Scarduelli, V.. Universidade Federal Fluminense; BrasilFil: Carlson, B. V.. Instituto Tecnologico de Aeronautica.; BrasilFil: Casal, J.. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Arazi, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Torres, D. A.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Ramirez, F.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombi
Experimental and theoretical study of α–Eu2(MoO4)3 under compression
The compression process in the α-phase of europium trimolybdate was revised employing
several experimental techniques. X-ray diffraction (using synchrotron and laboratory radiation
sources), Raman scattering and photoluminescence experiments were performed up to a
maximum pressure of 21 GPa. In addition, the crystal structure and Raman mode frequencies
have been studied by means of first-principles density functional based methods. Results
suggest that the compression process of α-Eu2(MoO4)3 can be described by three stages.
Below 8 GPa, the α-phase suffers an isotropic contraction of the crystal structure. Between
8 and 12 GPa, the compound undergoes an anisotropic compression due to distortion and
rotation of the MoO4 tetrahedra. At pressures above 12 GPa, the amorphization process starts
without any previous occurrence of a crystalline-crystalline phase transition in the whole range
of pressure. This behavior clearly differs from the process of compression and amorphization
in trimolybdates with β′-phase and tritungstates with α-phase.We thank Diamond Light Source for access to beamline I15 (EE1746) that contributed to the results presented here. Part of the diffraction measurements were performed at the 'Servicio Integrado de Difraccion de Rayos X (SIDIX)' of University of La Laguna. This work has been supported by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (MINECO) for the research projects through the National Program of Materials (MAT2010-21270-C04-01/02/03/04, MAT2013-46649-C41/2/3/4-P and MAT2013-43319-P), the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 MALTA (CSD2007-00045), the project of Generalitat Valenciana (GVA-ACOMP/2014/243) and by the European Union FEDER funds. C Guzman-Afonso wishes to thank ACIISI and FSE for a fellowship. J A Sans thanks the FPI and 'Juan de la Cierva' programs for fellowships.Guzmán-Afonso, C.; León-Luis, S.; Sans-Tresserras, JÁ.; González -Silgo, C.; Rodríguez-Hernández, P.; Radescu, S.; muñoz, A.... (2015). Experimental and theoretical study of α–Eu2(MoO4)3 under compression. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 27(46):465401-1-465401-11. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/46/465401S465401-1465401-11274
Charge separation relative to the reaction plane in Pb-Pb collisions at TeV
Measurements of charge dependent azimuthal correlations with the ALICE
detector at the LHC are reported for Pb-Pb collisions at TeV. Two- and three-particle charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in
the pseudo-rapidity range are presented as a function of the
collision centrality, particle separation in pseudo-rapidity, and transverse
momentum. A clear signal compatible with a charge-dependent separation relative
to the reaction plane is observed, which shows little or no collision energy
dependence when compared to measurements at RHIC energies. This provides a new
insight for understanding the nature of the charge dependent azimuthal
correlations observed at RHIC and LHC energies.Comment: 12 pages, 3 captioned figures, authors from page 2 to 6, published
version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/286
Transverse sphericity of primary charged particles in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at , 2.76 and 7 TeV
Measurements of the sphericity of primary charged particles in minimum bias
proton--proton collisions at , 2.76 and 7 TeV with the ALICE
detector at the LHC are presented. The observable is linearized to be collinear
safe and is measured in the plane perpendicular to the beam direction using
primary charged tracks with GeV/c in . The
mean sphericity as a function of the charged particle multiplicity at
mid-rapidity () is reported for events with different
scales ("soft" and "hard") defined by the transverse momentum of the leading
particle. In addition, the mean charged particle transverse momentum versus
multiplicity is presented for the different event classes, and the sphericity
distributions in bins of multiplicity are presented. The data are compared with
calculations of standard Monte Carlo event generators. The transverse
sphericity is found to grow with multiplicity at all collision energies, with a
steeper rise at low , whereas the event generators show the
opposite tendency. The combined study of the sphericity and the mean with multiplicity indicates that most of the tested event generators
produce events with higher multiplicity by generating more back-to-back jets
resulting in decreased sphericity (and isotropy). The PYTHIA6 generator with
tune PERUGIA-2011 exhibits a noticeable improvement in describing the data,
compared to the other tested generators.Comment: 21 pages, 9 captioned figures, 3 tables, authors from page 16,
published version, figures from
http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/308
Multi-particle azimuthal correlations in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
Measurements of multi-particle azimuthal correlations (cumulants) for charged
particles in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions are presented. They help address the
question of whether there is evidence for global, flow-like, azimuthal
correlations in the p-Pb system. Comparisons are made to measurements from the
larger Pb-Pb system, where such evidence is established. In particular, the
second harmonic two-particle cumulants are found to decrease with multiplicity,
characteristic of a dominance of few-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions.
However, when a gap is placed to suppress such correlations,
the two-particle cumulants begin to rise at high-multiplicity, indicating the
presence of global azimuthal correlations. The Pb-Pb values are higher than the
p-Pb values at similar multiplicities. In both systems, the second harmonic
four-particle cumulants exhibit a transition from positive to negative values
when the multiplicity increases. The negative values allow for a measurement of
to be made, which is found to be higher in Pb-Pb collisions at
similar multiplicities. The second harmonic six-particle cumulants are also
found to be higher in Pb-Pb collisions. In Pb-Pb collisions, we generally find
which is indicative of a Bessel-Gaussian
function for the distribution. For very high-multiplicity Pb-Pb
collisions, we observe that the four- and six-particle cumulants become
consistent with 0. Finally, third harmonic two-particle cumulants in p-Pb and
Pb-Pb are measured. These are found to be similar for overlapping
multiplicities, when a gap is placed.Comment: 25 pages, 11 captioned figures, 3 tables, authors from page 20,
published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/87
Multiplicity dependence of jet-like two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV
Two-particle angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger and
associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a
nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The transverse-momentum
range 0.7 5.0 GeV/ is examined,
to include correlations induced by jets originating from low
momen\-tum-transfer scatterings (minijets). The correlations expressed as
associated yield per trigger particle are obtained in the pseudorapidity range
. The near-side long-range pseudorapidity correlations observed in
high-multiplicity p-Pb collisions are subtracted from both near-side
short-range and away-side correlations in order to remove the non-jet-like
components. The yields in the jet-like peaks are found to be invariant with
event multiplicity with the exception of events with low multiplicity. This
invariance is consistent with the particles being produced via the incoherent
fragmentation of multiple parton--parton scatterings, while the yield related
to the previously observed ridge structures is not jet-related. The number of
uncorrelated sources of particle production is found to increase linearly with
multiplicity, suggesting no saturation of the number of multi-parton
interactions even in the highest multiplicity p-Pb collisions. Further, the
number scales in the intermediate multiplicity region with the number of binary
nucleon-nucleon collisions estimated with a Glauber Monte-Carlo simulation.Comment: 23 pages, 6 captioned figures, 1 table, authors from page 17,
published version, figures at
http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/161
A note on comonotonicity and positivity of the control components of decoupled quadratic FBSDE
In this small note we are concerned with the solution of Forward-Backward
Stochastic Differential Equations (FBSDE) with drivers that grow quadratically
in the control component (quadratic growth FBSDE or qgFBSDE). The main theorem
is a comparison result that allows comparing componentwise the signs of the
control processes of two different qgFBSDE. As a byproduct one obtains
conditions that allow establishing the positivity of the control process.Comment: accepted for publicatio
Laboratory-based and office-based risk scores and charts to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in 182 countries: a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health surveys
Background: Worldwide implementation of risk-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention requires risk prediction tools that are contemporarily recalibrated for the target country and can be used where laboratory measurements are unavailable. We present two cardiovascular risk scores, with and without laboratory-based measurements, and the
corresponding risk charts for 182 countries to predict 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD in adults aged 40–74 years.
Methods: Based on our previous laboratory-based prediction model (Globorisk), we used data from eight prospective studies to estimate coefficients of the risk equations using proportional hazard regressions. The laboratory-based risk score included age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, and total cholesterol; in the non-laboratory (office-based) risk score, we replaced diabetes and total cholesterol with BMI. We recalibrated risk scores for each sex and age group in each country using country-specific mean risk factor levels and CVD rates. We used recalibrated risk scores and data from national surveys (using data from adults aged 40–64 years) to estimate the proportion of the population at different levels of CVD risk for ten countries from different world regions as examples of the information the risk scores provide; we applied a risk threshold for high risk of at least 10% for high-income countries (HICs) and at least 20% for low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) on the basis of national and international guidelines for CVD prevention. We estimated the proportion of men and women who were similarly categorised as high risk or low risk by the two risk scores.
Findings: Predicted risks for the same risk factor profile were generally lower in HICs than in LMICs, with the highest risks in countries in central and southeast Asia and eastern Europe, including China and Russia. In HICs, the proportion of people aged 40–64 years at high risk of CVD ranged from 1% for South Korean women to 42% for Czech men (using a ≥10% risk threshold), and in low-income countries ranged from 2% in Uganda (men and women) to 13% in Iranian men (using a ≥20% risk threshold). More than 80% of adults were similarly classified as low or high risk by the laboratory-based and office-based risk scores. However, the office-based model substantially underestimated the risk among patients with diabetes.
Interpretation: Our risk charts provide risk assessment tools that are recalibrated for each country and make the estimation of CVD risk possible without using laboratory-based measurements
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