Le temps de travail des vétérinaires libéraux en France : analyse à partir de deux enquêtes réalisées auprès de praticiens

Le temps de travail des vétérinaires libéraux en France est une donnée manquante sur les dernières années. Deux enquêtes, en 2015 et 2016, ont été réalisées afin de répondre à cette problématique. Les résultats de l’enquête ont ainsi démontré un temps de travail moyen de 2222 heures (en 2015) et 2179 heures (en 2016). Ces résultats présentent des limites (le nombre de participants, la représentativité des différents modes d’exercice ainsi que la difficulté à pouvoir estimer le temps de travail). Ils démontrent également que ce temps est bien supérieur à celui des cadres et professions intellectuelles supérieures (1814 heures annuelles). De plus, nous avons pu créer des typologies permettant de cibler, par exemple, les vétérinaires qui travaillent le plus ou le moins. Enfin, nous avons traité du ressenti de ce temps de travail par les vétérinaires libéraux ainsi que les évolutions souhaitées dans leur carrière

Are there new models of computation? Reply to Wegner and Eberbach

Wegner and Eberbach[Weg04b] have argued that there are fundamental limitations to Turing Machines as a foundation of computability and that these can be overcome by so-called superTuring models such as interaction machines, the [pi]calculus and the $-calculus. In this paper we contest Weger and Eberbach claims

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected 4-Hydroxy-chromene-2-one Derivatives—SAR, QSAR and DFT Studies

The series of fifteen synthesized 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives was subjected to antioxidant activity evaluation in vitro, through total antioxidant capacity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxide scavenging and chelating activity. The highest activity was detected during the radicals scavenging, with 2b, 6b, 2c, and 4c noticed as the most active. The antioxidant activity was further quantified by the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) studies. For this purpose, the structures were optimized using Paramethric Method 6 (PM6) semi-empirical and Density Functional Theory (DFT) B3LYP methods. Bond dissociation enthalpies of coumarin 4-OH, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) gained hybridization of the oxygen, acidity of the hydrogen atom and various molecular descriptors obtained, were correlated with biological activity, after which we designed 20 new antioxidant structures, using the most favorable structural motifs, with much improved predicted activity in vitro

Oxidative stress and vascular remodelling

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. Reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, are important signalling molecules in cardiovascular cells. Enhanced superoxide production increases nitric oxide inactivation and leads to an accumulation of peroxynitrites and hydrogen peroxide. Reactive oxygen species participate in growth, apoptosis and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, in the modulation of endothelial function, including endothelium-dependent relaxation and expression of proinflammatory phenotype, and in the modification of the extracellular matrix. All these events play important roles in vascular diseases such as hypertension, suggesting that the sources of reactive oxygen species and the signalling pathways that theymodifymay represent important therapeutic targets. Potential sources of vascular superoxide production include NADPH-dependent oxidases, xanthine oxidases, lipoxygenases, mitochondrial oxidases and nitricoxide synthases. Studies performedduring the last decadehave shownthatNADPHoxidase is the most important source of superoxide anion in phagocytic and vascular cells. Evidence from experimental animal and human studies suggests a significant role ofNADPHoxidase activation in the vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction found in cardiovascular diseases

Fluvastatin reverses endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular oxidative stress in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis

Objective To investigate the effect of statins on vascular dysfunction in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods Fluvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats with AIA, for 21 days after the onset of arthritis. The vasodilatory response to acetylcholine of aortic rings isolated from rats with AIA that were not treated or were treated with fluvastatin and from normal rats was determined. The amounts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine in aortas were measured by Western blotting. In vitro and in situ superoxide production in aortas was evaluated based on fluorogenic oxidation of dihydroethidium to ethidium. Expression of NAD(P)H components and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in aortas was examined by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Serum levels of tetrahydrobiopterin, a critical eNOS cofactor, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Fluvastatin reversed endothelial dysfunction in AIA without affecting the clinical severity of arthritis or serum cholesterol concentration. Fluvastatin reduced the amounts of HNE and nitrotyrosine in the aorta, and the levels of superoxide expressed in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in the tissue, in rats with AIA. NADH- or L -arginine–induced superoxide production was not observed in the aortic samples from fluvastatin-treated rats with AIA. Fluvastatin decreased the levels of expression of messenger RNA for p22phox, a NAD(P)H oxidase component, in the aortas of rats with AIA, but did not affect the expression of eNOS. Serum levels of tetrahydrobiopterin were significantly reduced in rats with AIA, and were increased by administration of fluvastatin. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that fluvastatin has potent vascular protective effects in AIA and provide additional scientific rationale for the use of statins to reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56040/1/22632_ftp.pd

Endothelial NADPH oxidase-2 promotes interstitial cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction through proinflammatory effects and endothelial-mesenchymal transition

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the effect of endothelial dysfunction on the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction accompanies cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, but its contribution to these conditions is unclear. Increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-2 (NOX2) activation causes endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: Transgenic mice with endothelial-specific NOX2 overexpression (TG mice) and wild-type littermates received long-term angiotensin II (AngII) infusion (1.1 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) to induce hypertrophy and fibrosis. RESULTS: TG mice had systolic hypertension and hypertrophy similar to those seen in wild-type mice but developed greater cardiac fibrosis and evidence of isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (p < 0.05). TG myocardium had more inflammatory cells and VCAM-1-positive vessels than did wild-type myocardium after AngII treatment (both p < 0.05). TG microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) treated with AngII recruited 2-fold more leukocytes than did wild-type ECs in an in vitro adhesion assay (p < 0.05). However, inflammatory cell NOX2 per se was not essential for the profibrotic effects of AngII. TG showed a higher level of endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) than did wild-type mice after AngII infusion. In cultured ECs treated with AngII, NOX2 enhanced EMT as assessed by the relative expression of fibroblast versus endothelial-specific markers. CONCLUSIONS: AngII-induced endothelial NOX2 activation has profound profibrotic effects in the heart in vivo that lead to a diastolic dysfunction phenotype. Endothelial NOX2 enhances EMT and has proinflammatory effects. This may be an important mechanism underlying cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction during increased renin-angiotensin activation

NADPH oxidase signaling and cardiac myocyte function

The NADPH oxidase family of enzymes has emerged as a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is important in diverse cellular functions including anti-microbial defence, inflammation and redox signaling. Of the five known NADPH oxidase isoforms, several are expressed in cardiovascular cells where they are involved in physiological and pathological processes such as the regulation of vascular tone, cell growth, migration, proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and matrix deposition. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the role of NADPH oxidases in cardiomyocyte function in health and disease

Integrations between Autonomous System and Modern Computing Techniques: A Mini-review

The emulation of human behavior for autonomous problem solving has been an interdisciplinary field of research. Generally, classical control systems are used for static environments, where external disturbances and changes in internal parameters can be fully modulated before or neglected during operation. However, classical control systems are inadequate at addressing environmental uncertainty. By contrast, autonomous systems, which were first studied in the field of control systems, can be applied in an unknown environment. This paper summarizes the state of the art autonomous systems by first discussing the definition, modeling, and system structure of autonomous systems and then providing a perspective on how autonomous systems can be integrated with advanced resources (e.g., the Internet of Things, big data, Over-the-Air, and federated learning). Finally, what comes after reaching full autonomy is briefly discussed