Allgemeiner Theorieverlust in der Allgemeinen Psychologie?

Ein auffälliges Charakteristikum der gegenwärtigen »Fachkultur« der Allgemeinen Psychologie ist, dass profunde theoretische Arbeit zugunsten einer relativ unkoordinierten Akkumulation empirischer (häufig inhaltlich wenig aussagekräftiger) Detailbefunde stark vernachlässigt wird. Während es zu vielen Neuerungen und Verfeinerungen auf dem Gebiet der Forschungsmethoden gekommen ist, ist der inhaltliche Theoriefortschritt sehr ins Stocken geraten und die Schaffung eines kohärenten konzeptuellen Gerüsts im Sinne eines Rahmenmodells der Psychologie in noch größere Ferne gerückt. Hierzu soll die Frage thematisiert werden, welche fachbezogenen historischen Verläufe sowie welche gesellschaftlichen, (wissenschafts-)politischen Bedingungen der gegenwärtigen Wissenschaftskultur diese Situation herbeigeführt haben. Zum einen spielen historische Gründe eine Rolle, die als eine »gescheiterte Vergangenheitsbewältigung« in Bezug auf die vergleichsweise späte Loslösung der Psychologie von der Philosophie bezeichnet werden können. Zum anderen lassen sich wissenschaftssoziologische Fehlsteuerungsprozesse ausfindig machen, die im Zusammenhang der Ökonomisierung des Wissenschaftsbetriebs stehen

Sedimentary dynamics and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of the southwestern slope of Great Bahama Bank

New geophysical data from the leeward slope of Great Bahama Bank show how contour currents shape the slope and induce re-sedimentation processes. Along slope segments with high current control, drift migration and current winnowing at the toe of slope form a deep moat. Here, the slope progradation is inhibited by large channel incisions and the accumulation of large mass transport complexes, triggered by current winnowing. In areas where the slope is bathed by weaker currents, the accumulation of mass transport complexes and channel incision is rather controlled by the position of the sea level. Large slope failures were triggered during the Mid-Pleistocene transition and Mid-Brunhes event, both periods characterized by changes in the cyclicity or the amplitude of sea-level fluctuations. Within the seismic stratigraphic framework of third order sequences, four sequences of higher order were identified in the succession of the upper Pleistocene. These higher order sequences also show clear differences in function of the slope exposure to contour currents. Two stochastic models emphasize the role of the contour currents and slope morphology in the facies distribution in the upper Pleistocene sequences. In areas of high current influence the interplay of erosional and depositional processes form a complex fades pattern with downslope and along strike facies alterations. In zones with lower current influence, major facies alternations occur predominately in downslope direction, and a layer-cake pattern characterizes the along strike direction. Therefore, this study highlights that contour currents are an underestimated driver for the sediment distribution and architecture of carbonate slopes

Dataset of characteristic remanent magnetization and magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform)

This data article describes data of magnetic stratigraphy and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization (AIRM) from "Magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform) reveal changes in the monsoon system" [1]. Acquisition of isothermal magnetization on pilot samples and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization are reported as raw data; magnetostratigraphic data are reported as characteristic magnetization (ChRM).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Deepwater overflow through Luzon Strait

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006): C01002, doi:10.1029/2005JC003139.This study examines water property distributions in the deep South China Sea and adjoining Pacific Ocean using all available hydrographic data. Our analysis reveals that below about 1500 m there is a persistent baroclinic pressure gradient driving flow from the Pacific into the South China Sea through Luzon Strait. Applying hydraulic theory with assumptions of zero potential vorticity and flat bottom to the Luzon Strait yields a transport estimate of 2.5 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3 s-1). Some implications of this result include: (i) a residence time of less than 30 years in the deep South China Sea, (ii) a mean diapycnal diffusivity as large as 10-3 m2 s-1, and (iii) an abyssal upwelling rate of about 3×10-6 m s-1. These quantities are consistent with residence times based on oxygen consumption rates. The fact that all of the inflowing water must warm up before leaving the basin implies that this marginal sea contributes to the water mass transformations that drive the meridional overturning circulation in the North Pacific. Density distributions within the South China Sea basin suggest a cyclonic deep boundary current system, as might be expected for an overflow-driven abyssal circulation.This study was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant OCE00-95906 and by Japan Marine Science and Technology Center through its sponsorship of the International Pacific Research center (IPRRC). Support is also from NSF grant OCE-0325102

The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds

The South Asian Monson (SAM) is one of the most intense climatic elements yet its initiation and variations are not well established. Dating the deposits of SAM wind-driven currents in IODP cores from the Maldives yields an age of 12. 9 Ma indicating an abrupt SAM onset, over a short period of 300 kyrs. This coincided with the Indian Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone expansion as revealed by geochemical tracers and the onset of upwelling reflected by the sediment's content of particulate organic matter. A weaker 'proto-monsoon' existed between 12.9 and 25 Ma, as mirrored by the sedimentary signature of dust influx. Abrupt SAM initiation favors a strong influence of climate in addition to the tectonic control, and we propose that the post Miocene Climate Optimum cooling, together with increased continentalization and establishment of the bipolar ocean circulation, i.e. the beginning of the modern world, shifted the monsoon over a threshold towards the modern system

Corrigendum to “Carbonate delta drift: A new sediment drift type” [Mar. Geol. 401 (2018) 98–111]

The authors regret the mistake in the drawing of the delta drift architecture in figure 11. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. [Figure presented

Controls on methane concentration and stable isotope (δ2H-CH4 and δ13C-CH4) distributions in the water columns of the Black Sea and Cariaco Basin

Methane (CH4) concentration and stable isotope (δ2H-CH4 and δ13C-CH4) depth distributions show large differences in the water columns of the Earth's largest CH4-containing anoxic basins, the Black Sea and Cariaco Basin. In the deep basins, the between-basin stable isotope differences are large, 83‰ for δ2H-CH4 and 9‰ for δ13C-CH4, and the distributions are mirror images of one another. The major sink in both basins, anaerobic oxidation of CH4, results in such extensive isotope fractionation that little direct information can be obtained regarding sources. Recent measurements of natural 14C-CH4 show that the CH4 geochemistry in both basins is dominated (∼64 to 98%) by inputs of fossil (radiocarbon-free) CH4 from seafloor seeps. We derive open-system kinetic isotope effect equations and use a one-dimensional (vertical) stable isotope box model that, along with isotope budgets developed using radiocarbon, permits a quantitative treatment of the stable isotope differences. We show that two main factors control the CH4 concentration and stable isotope differences: (1) the depth distributions of the input of CH4 from seafloor seeps and (2) anaerobic oxidation of CH4 under open-system steady state conditions in the Black Sea and open-system non-steady-state conditions in the Cariaco Basin

Magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform) reveal changes in the monsoon system

We report a study of the magnetic stratigraphy and the anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization of Pliocene sediments from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1467 drilled in the Maldives platform (Indian Ocean) during Exp. 359. Magnetic stratigraphy gives a precise record of geomagnetic reversals of the early Pliocene from approximately 5.3 Ma to 3.1 Ma providing a detailed age model in an interval where the biostratigraphic record is scarce. We use the anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization (AIRM) to investigate the statistical orientation of fine magnetic particles and provide data on the strength and direction of bottom currents during the early Pliocene. The strength of bottom currents recorded by the AIRM, shows a prominent increase at the top of Chron C3n.1n (about 4.2 Ma), and the current direction (NE - SW) is consistent with that of modern instrumental measurements. Since bottom currents in the Maldives are driven by the monsoon, we speculate that the 4.2 Ma increase of bottom currents could mark the onset of the present-day setting, probably related to the coeval uplift phase of the Himalayan plateau

On the sedimentological origin of down-core variations of bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 20 (2005): PA2009, doi:10.1029/2004PA001081.The bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotopic composition of two cores from nearby sites on the northern slope of the South China Sea (Site 17940 and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1144) differs by up to >2‰ during the last glacial period. Given their close proximity, both core sites are located in the same biogeographic zone and nutrient regime, and it is thus unlikely that this offset is due to a true gradient in surface ocean conditions. In an attempt to resolve this offset, we have investigated the possible effects of two sedimentological parameters that can affect bulk sedimentary δ15N, namely, the variable contribution of inorganic N to bulk N in the sediment and the grain-size dependence of bulk δ15N. We find that neither effect, singly or in combination, is sufficient to explain the significant δ15N offset between the two down-core records. By elimination the most likely explanation for the observed discrepancy is a different origin of both the organic and inorganic nitrogen at each site. This study adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting the complex nature and origin of the sedimentary components in sediment drifts, such as ODP Site 1144.Funding from NSERC Canada (to S.E.C. and M.K.) and NSF (OCE-0214365 and OCE-0318371 to M.J.H. and OCE-0327405 to T.I.E.) is gratefully acknowledged, as well as Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Postdoctoral Fellowships (M.K. and G.M.), the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Postdoctoral Program in Environmental Chemistry (M.J.H.), and a Geological Society of America student research grant (M.K.)

Assessing the impact of diagenesis on foraminiferal geochemistry from a low latitude, shallow-water drift deposit

Due to their large heat and moisture storage capabilities, the tropics are fundamental in modulating both regional and global climate. Furthermore, their thermal response during past extreme warming periods, such as super interglacials, is not fully resolved. In this regard, we present high-resolution (analytical) foraminiferal geochemical (δ18O and Mg/Ca) records for the last 1800 kyr from the shallow (487 m) Inner Sea drift deposits of the Maldives archipelago in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Considering the diagenetic susceptibility of these proxies, in carbonate-rich environments, we assess the integrity of a suite of commonly used planktonic and benthic foraminifera geochemical datasets (Globigerinoides ruber (white), Globigerinita glutinata (with bulla), Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (with cortex) and Cibicides mabahethi) and their use for future paleoceanographic reconstructions. Using a combination of spot Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer, Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer and Scanning Electron Microscope image data, it is evident that authigenic overgrowths are present on both the external and internal test (shell) surfaces, yet the degree down-core as well as the associated bias is shown to be variable across the investigated species and proxies. Given the elevated authigenic overgrowth Mg/Ca (∼12–22 mmol/mol) and δ18O values (closer to the benthic isotopic compositions) the whole-test planktonic G. ruber (w) geochemical records are notably impacted beyond ∼627.4 ka (24.7 mcd). Yet, considering the setting (i.e. bottom water location) for overgrowth formation, the benthic foraminifera δ18O record is markedly less impacted with only minor diagenetic bias beyond ∼790.0 ka (28.7 mcd). Even though only the top of the G. ruber (w) and C. mabahethi records (whole-test data) would be suitable for paleo-reconstructions of absolute values (i.e. sea surface temperature, salinity, seawater δ18O), the long-term cycles, while dampened, appear to be preserved. Furthermore, planktonic species with thicker-tests (i.e. P. obliquiloculata (w/c)) might be better suited, in comparison to thinner-test counter-parts (i.e. G. glutinata (w/b), G. ruber (w)), for traditional whole- test geochemical studies in shallow, carbonate-rich environments. A thicker test equates to a smaller overall bias from the authigenic overgrowth. Overall, if the diagenetic impact is constrained, as done in this study, these types of diagenetically altered geochemical records can still significantly contribute to studies relating to past tropical seawater temperatures, latitudinal scale ocean current shifts and South Asian Monsoon dynamics