214 research outputs found
A scaling analysis of Sal'nikov's reaction, PâAâB, in the presence of natural convection and the diffusion of heat and matter
Gesture use in communication between mothers and offspring in wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) from the Sabangau peat-swamp forest, Borneo
Funding: US Fish and Wildlife Service Great Apes Conservation Fund, ARCUS, The Kronendak Foundation, and the Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF).Research on captive and wild great apes has established that they employ large repertoires of intentional gestural signals to achieve desired goals. However, gestural research has focused on African great apes, with orang-utan data limited to a few captive studies. We address this gap by describing gesture use in wild Southwest Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) mother and offspring pairs. We conducted focal follows on 16 individuals in the Sabangau peat-swamp forest in Borneo, Indonesia. The resulting 681 hours of video footage yielded 1,299 communicative signals: 858 vocal signals and 441 gestural signals. Eleven vocal signal types and twenty-one gesture types met the criterion for inclusion in the repertoire; however, the repertoire did not approach asymptote and further gesture types will likely be identified in the future. Signallers used gestures of any modality in higher frequency when the recipient was paying visual attention, and took the recipientâs visual attention into account when selecting gesture modalities. Orang-utans employed hands and arms more than legs and feet in gesturing, but were more flexible in their choice of limb than chimpanzees using the same gestures. Orang-utans were highly responsive to gestural requests, using them to achieve eight goals and, where successful, responding either before gesturing ended or in under 1-second in 90% of communications. Our findings on the range of gesture types and impact of visual attention support findings from captive orang-utans; and those on responsiveness and limb-use highlight the importance of studying ape communication in the social and ecological context to which it is adapted.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Measurement of and charged current inclusive cross sections and their ratio with the T2K off-axis near detector
We report a measurement of cross section and the first measurements of the cross section
and their ratio
at (anti-)neutrino energies below 1.5
GeV. We determine the single momentum bin cross section measurements, averaged
over the T2K -flux, for the detector target material (mainly
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Copper) with phase space restricted laboratory
frame kinematics of 500 MeV/c. The
results are and $\sigma(\nu)=\left( 2.41\
\pm0.022{\rm{(stat.)}}\pm0.231{\rm (syst.)}\ \right)\times10^{-39}^{2}R\left(\frac{\sigma(\bar{\nu})}{\sigma(\nu)}\right)=
0.373\pm0.012{\rm (stat.)}\pm0.015{\rm (syst.)}$.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figure
Planck intermediate results. VIII. Filaments between interacting clusters
About half of the baryons of the Universe are expected to be in the form of
filaments of hot and low density intergalactic medium. Most of these baryons
remain undetected even by the most advanced X-ray observatories which are
limited in sensitivity to the diffuse low density medium. The Planck satellite
has provided hundreds of detections of the hot gas in clusters of galaxies via
the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect and is an ideal instrument for
studying extended low density media through the tSZ effect. In this paper we
use the Planck data to search for signatures of a fraction of these missing
baryons between pairs of galaxy clusters. Cluster pairs are good candidates for
searching for the hotter and denser phase of the intergalactic medium (which is
more easily observed through the SZ effect). Using an X-ray catalogue of
clusters and the Planck data, we select physical pairs of clusters as
candidates. Using the Planck data we construct a local map of the tSZ effect
centered on each pair of galaxy clusters. ROSAT data is used to construct X-ray
maps of these pairs. After having modelled and subtracted the tSZ effect and
X-ray emission for each cluster in the pair we study the residuals on both the
SZ and X-ray maps. For the merging cluster pair A399-A401 we observe a
significant tSZ effect signal in the intercluster region beyond the virial
radii of the clusters. A joint X-ray SZ analysis allows us to constrain the
temperature and density of this intercluster medium. We obtain a temperature of
kT = 7.1 +- 0.9, keV (consistent with previous estimates) and a baryon density
of (3.7 +- 0.2)x10^-4, cm^-3. The Planck satellite mission has provided the
first SZ detection of the hot and diffuse intercluster gas.Comment: Accepted by A&
Planck early results. VI. The High Frequency Instrument data processing
We describe the processing of the 336 billion raw data samples from the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) which we performed to produce six
temperature maps from the first 295 days of Planck-HFI survey data. These maps provide an accurate rendition of the sky emission at 100, 143,
217, 353, 545 and 857GHz with an angular resolution ranging from 9.9 to 4.4 . The white noise level is around 1.5 ÎŒK degree or less in the 3 main
CMB channels (100â217 GHz). The photometric accuracy is better than 2% at frequencies between 100 and 353 GHz and around 7% at the two
highest frequencies. The maps created by the HFI Data Processing Centre reach our goals in terms of sensitivity, resolution, and photometric
accuracy. They are already sufficiently accurate and well-characterised to allow scientific analyses which are presented in an accompanying series
of early papers. At this stage, HFI data appears to be of high quality and we expect that with further refinements of the data processing we should
be able to achieve, or exceed, the science goals of the Planck project
Planck intermediate results: IV. the XMM-Newton validation programme for new Planck galaxy clusters
Planck early results XVII : Origin of the submillimetre excess dust emission in the Magellanic Clouds
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