Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles: A Novel Approach for Drug Delivery

Applications of nanotechnology and material sciences emerge in the development of various novel drug delivery systems that have been proven as promising clinically. Among these, liposomes, noisome, polymeric carriers and lipid-based delivery system were extensively explored and enter into clinical trials and clinical applications. However, each system has its own pros and cons in term of different physicochemical, pharmacokinetics and therapeutics aspects. Lipid-polymer hybrid carriers merge the potential benefit of these structural components and can be prepared by different approaches to improve the therapeutic outcomes. In this chapter, we provide the useful insight about the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) that can be prepared by using the different structural components including the synthetic and natural polymers and lipids. Among these, we also explain the various methods to prepare the LPHNPs with various desired characteristics. Finally, the various therapeutic and clinical applications have been presented briefly

The analysis of performance before and after ERP implementation: a case of a manufacturing company

[EN] Machines and technology have been known for saving the efforts and so the time of the human race. Thus in the gravity of consideration to this point, companies are required to innovate their process and practices to improve productivity. The present research was conducted at ABC manufacturing company having three departments i.e. A, B, and C. The significant impact after ERP implementation in terms of time-saving has been reflected in the present research. The nature of working and nature of manufacturing is different in all the departments; that`s why each department has its business development team. The case company has implemented an industrial and financial system (IFS) in 2020 and the whole process is properly followed in IFS. In this study, the process flow of documents and time consumption on each step of obtaining approvals from various authorities is covered, and saved time after the implementation of IFS is also revealed in detail. Results indicated that, after the implementation of IFS, the company has saved 48272.5 hours in 2021 by carryingout the whole process on IFS instead of a manual approach. None of the research highlights the magnitude and percentage of saved time after the implementation of an IFS in the manufacturing industry; The present research can be the basis of motivation for any manufacturing to implement IFS.Kalwar, MA.; Khan, MA.; Phul, Z.; Wadho, MH.; Shahzad, MF.; Marri, HB. (2022). The analysis of performance before and after ERP implementation: a case of a manufacturing company. Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering. 3(2):115-121. https://doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2022.17789OJS1151213

pH-Responsive Liposomes of Dioleoyl Phosphatidylethanolamine and Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate for the Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy of Cisplatin

The current study aimed to develop pH-responsive cisplatin-loaded liposomes (CDDP@PLs) via the thin film hydration method. Formulations with varied ratios of dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) to cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) were investigated to obtain the optimal particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, and stability. The particle size of the CDDP@PLs was in the range of 153.2 ± 3.08-206.4 ± 2.26 nm, zeta potential was -17.8 ± 1.26 to -24.6 ± 1.72, and PDI displayed an acceptable size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a spherical shape with ~200 nm size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed the physicochemical stability of CDDP@PLs, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed the loss of the crystalline nature of cisplatin in liposomes. In vitro release study of CDDP@PLs at pH 7.4 depicted the lower release rate of cisplatin (less than 40%), and at a pH of 6.5, an almost 65% release rate was achieved compared to the release rate at pH 5.5 (more than 80%) showing the tumor-specific drug release. The cytotoxicity study showed the improved cytotoxicity of CDDP@PLs compared to cisplatin solution in MDA-MB-231 and SK-OV-3 cell lines, and fluorescence microscopy also showed enhanced cellular internalization. The acute toxicity study showed the safety and biocompatibility of the developed carrier system for the potential delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. These studies suggest that CDDP@PLs could be utilized as an efficient delivery system for the enhancement of therapeutic efficacy and to minimize the side effects of chemotherapy by releasing cisplatin at the tumor site

Simulation-based post-fault analysis in WECS using DFIG systems under an unbalanced fault scenario

Fault analysis in an integrated Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) is the highest priority factor to be taken into account for distributed generation (DG). The contribution of renewable energies (like solar and wind) to the power system is increasing continuously. New challenges are being faced while integrating such systems because of the no inertial response provided by renewable resources. So, for a reliable integration further exploration, development, and even new strategies are needed to improve the reliability, power quality, control and protection of renewable energy generation. Disintegration in distributed generation is still a huge question mark on the reliability of modern power systems. Disintegration has many causes and faults are one of them, that cause severe voltage profile distortions, which makes WECS a complex system in terms of control and protection of power system. In this work, focus has been paid to the analysis of asymmetrical faults in wind farms and their impacts are evaluated on the overall generation system. A 30 MW wind power plant has been developed in MATLAB to study the faults. Since wind farms are Low Voltage (LV) networks, therefore, fault impedance method (IEC 60909) and the Fort-cue Method have been used for the fault analysis. The fault current response and behaviour of the DG system under asymmetrical fault conditions at different locations in and around the wind farm have been obtained. It is found that fault loop impendence, transformer grounding type, and fault location largely affect the dynamic behaviour of the co-generation system under asymmetrical faults. In this work dynamic behaviour of the wind generation system has been analysed for the different asymmetrical faults induced at different locations of the system. The response of the wind generator has been evaluated based on the different fault simulations considering the sequence component method

Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Controlled Delivery of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Doxorubicin for Breast Cancer Therapy

Background: Lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) for the controlled delivery of hydrophilic doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX.HCl) and lipophilic DOX base have been fabricated by the single step modified nanoprecipitation method. Materials and methods: Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glicolide) (PLGA), lecithin, and 1,2-distearoyl-Sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000 (DSPE-PEG 2000) were selected as structural components. Results: The mean particle size was 173–208 nm, with an encapsulation efficiency of 17.8±1.9 to 43.8±4.4% and 40.3±0.6 to 59. 8±1.4% for DOX.HCl and DOX base, respectively. The drug release profile was in the range 33–57% in 24 hours and followed the Higuchi model (R2,=0.9867–0.9450) and Fickian diffusion (n<0.5). However, the release of DOX base was slower than DOX.HCl. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies and confocal imaging showed safety, good biocompatibility, and a higher degree of particle internalization. The higher internalization of DOX base was attributed to higher permeability of lipophilic component and better hydrophobic interaction of particles with cell membranes. Compared to the free DOX, the DOX.HCl and DOX base loaded LPHNPs showed higher antiproliferation effects in MDA-MB231 and PC3 cells. Conclusion: Therefore, LPHNPs have provided a potential drug delivery strategy for safe, controlled delivery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic form of DOX in cancer cellsPeer reviewe

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

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An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

MUSiC : a model-unspecific search for new physics in proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV

Results of the Model Unspecific Search in CMS (MUSiC), using proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), are presented. The MUSiC analysis searches for anomalies that could be signatures of physics beyond the standard model. The analysis is based on the comparison of observed data with the standard model prediction, as determined from simulation, in several hundred final states and multiple kinematic distributions. Events containing at least one electron or muon are classified based on their final state topology, and an automated search algorithm surveys the observed data for deviations from the prediction. The sensitivity of the search is validated using multiple methods. No significant deviations from the predictions have been observed. For a wide range of final state topologies, agreement is found between the data and the standard model simulation. This analysis complements dedicated search analyses by significantly expanding the range of final states covered using a model independent approach with the largest data set to date to probe phase space regions beyond the reach of previous general searches.Peer reviewe

Measurement of prompt open-charm production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The production cross sections for prompt open-charm mesons in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV are reported. The measurement is performed using a data sample collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 nb(-1). The differential production cross sections of the D*(+/-), D-+/-, and D-0 ((D) over bar (0)) mesons are presented in ranges of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity 4 < p(T) < 100 GeV and vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.1, respectively. The results are compared to several theoretical calculations and to previous measurements.Peer reviewe

Measurement of B-c(2S)(+) and B-c*(2S)(+) cross section ratios in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

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