AN EFFICIENT APPROACH USING RULE INDUCTION AND ASSOCIATION RULE MINING ALGORITHMS IN DATA MINING

In this research work we use rule induction in data mining to obtain the accurate results with fast processing time. We using decision list induction algorithm to make order and unordered list of rules to coverage of maximum data from the data set. Using induction rule via association rule mining we can generate number of rules for training dataset to achieve accurate result with less error rate. We also use induction rule algorithms like confidence static and Shannon entropy to obtain the high rate of accurate results from the large dataset. This can also improves the traditional algorithms with good result

Role of closed intramedullary interlocking nailing in comminuted fractures of long bones in lower limbs

Background: Fractures are the most common form of skeletal injuries encountered in orthopaedic practice. Increase in mechanization and high-speed travel are accompanied by increase in the number and severity of the fracture. Our ultimate goal of femur and tibia fracture management is restoration of alignment, rotation and length, preservation of blood supply to aid union, prevention of infection and early rehabilitation of the patient.Methods: 30 adult patients of either sex with 30 comminuted fractures of long bones were treated with closed intramedullary interlocking nail. AO type B3 and C in femur and tibia are included. There were 25 males and 5 females, and average age of patients was 36.2 years. Out of 30 cases, 13 cases were of femur fracture while 17 cases were of tibia fracture. There were 21 closed and 9 patients had Grade I open fractures.Results: Closed intramedullary interlocking nailing was done in 13 cases of femur fracture and 17 cases of tibia fracture. The average duration of partial weight bearing in femur fractures was 4.85 weeks and in tibia fractures was 5.53 weeks. 20 fractures united without additional intervention. The average duration of radiological union in femur fractures was 18.65 weeks and for tibia fractures was 19.29 weeks.Conclusions: Closed intramedullary interlocking nailing is the treatment of choice of comminuted fractures of long bones in lower limbs which cause minimum damage to the blood supply of the fracture fragments which promotes the chances of bone union

A novel multiplex qPCR assay for clinical diagnosis of non-human malaria parasites-Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi

IntroductionThe imminent risk of zoonoses of non-human malaria parasites is not far from reality in India, as has been observed in the case of Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), and so is possible with P. cynomolgi (Pc), already reported from South East Asian countries. Therefore, a novel multiplex qPCR assay was developed and evaluated for detection of non-human malaria parasites- Pk and Pc in populations at risk.MethodsThe qPCR primers were designed in-house with fluorescence labeled probes (HEX for Pk and FAM for Pc). DNA samples of Pk and Pc were used as templates and further the qPCR assay was evaluated in 250 symptomatic and asymptomatic suspected human blood samples from malaria endemic areas of North Eastern states of India.ResultsThe qPCR assay successfully amplified the target 18S rRNA gene segment from Pk and Pc and was highly specific for Pk and Pc parasites only, as no cross reactivity was observed with P. falciparum (Pf), P. vivax (Pv), P. malariae (Pm), and P. ovale (Po). Standard curves were generated to estimate the limit of detection (LOD) of Pk and Pc parasites DNA (0.00275 & 0.075 ng/μl, respectively). Due to COVID-19 pandemic situation during 2020–21, the sample accessibility was difficult, however, we managed to collect 250 samples. The samples were tested for Pf and Pv using conventional PCR- 14 Pf and 11 Pv infections were observed, but no Pk and Pc infections were detected. For Pk infections, previously reported conventional PCR was also performed, but no Pk infection was detected.DiscussionThe multiplex qPCR assay was observed to be robust, quick, cost-effective and highly sensitive as compared to the currently available conventional PCR methods. Further validation of the multiplex qPCR assay in field setting is desirable, especially from the high-risk populations. We anticipate that the multiplex qPCR assay would prove to be a useful tool in mass screening and surveillance programs for detection of non-human malaria parasites toward the control and elimination of malaria from India by 2030

Detection of the infective Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by RT-qPCR assay from a malaria-endemic region of Northeastern India

IntroductionThe diagnosis of infectious reservoirs in malaria (gametocytes) is necessary, especially in low-density infections and asymptomatic malaria patients. The gametocyte stage is a surrogate marker for infection of P. falciparum malaria in healthy individuals. The early detection of infectious gametocytes and treatment will strengthen our efforts in curbing transmission. The nested PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) methods have been demonstrated for the diagnosis of infectious gametocyte reservoirs. In this study, RDT, blood smear microscopy, and nested-PCR were used for the detection of P. falciparum and P. vivax, and compared with RT-qPCR detection of Pfg27 gametocyte biomarker gene.MethodsIn the present cross-sectional study, 356 human blood samples were collected from endemic areas of Kokrajhar Assam (asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria patients) for malaria diagnosis.ResultsA total of 8.42%(30/356) incidence of malaria was observed. Malaria patients were observed to be both symptomatic, 80%(24/30; 13Pf+11Pv), and asymptomatic, 20%(6 (4Pf +2Pv)). More than 64%(11/17) of Pf and 92.3%(12/13) of Pv infections were observed in children and the adolescent population (age <20 years) by RDT, microscopy, nested PCR, and RT-qPCR methods. The prevalence of Pf infection was 4.77%(17/356) by RT-qPCR method. Of 16 the Pf positive samples 81.25%(13/16) were symptomatic and 18.75%(3/16) were asymptomatic. One asymptomatic individual was found positive for Pf infection by the RT-qPCR method.ConclusionThe findings from this research study revealed that the routine microscopy and RDT methods are insufficient for detecting all asymptomatic malaria and gametocyte infectious reservoirs. The early detection of infectious P. falciparum gametocytes and the treatment of patients will be helpful in preventing the transmission of malaria

Engineering nucleotide specificity of succinyl-CoA synthetase in blastocystis: the emerging role of gatekeeper residues

Charged, solvent-exposed residues at the entrance to the substrate binding site (gatekeeper residues) produce electrostatic dipole interactions with approaching substrates, and control their access by a novel mechanism called "electrostatic gatekeeper effect". This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the nucleotide specificity can be engineered by altering the electrostatic properties of the gatekeeper residues outside the binding site. Using Blastocystis succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS, EC 6.2.1.5), we demonstrated that the gatekeeper mutant (ED) resulted in ATP-specific SCS to show high GTP specificity. Moreover, nucleotide binding site mutant (LF) had no effect on GTP specificity and remained ATP-specific. However, via combination of the gatekeeper mutant with the nucleotide binding site mutant (ED+LF), a complete reversal of nucleotide specificity was obtained with GTP, but no detectable activity was obtained with ATP. This striking result of the combined mutant (ED+LF) was due to two changes; negatively charged gatekeeper residues (ED) favored GTP access, and nucleotide binding site residues (LF) altered ATP binding, which was consistent with the hypothesis of the "electrostatic gatekeeper effect". These results were further supported by molecular modeling and simulation studies. Hence, it is imperative to extend the strategy of the gatekeeper effect in a different range of crucial enzymes (synthetases, kinases, and transferases) to engineer substrate specificity for various industrial applications and substrate-based drug design

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Immune Response of Swine to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Laboratory and Field Studies

129 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) is an arterivirus that has had a significant economic impact on the pork industry in the past few decades. Our studies have focused on three major issues that concern alleviation of this problem. These include utilizing contact exposure to inoculated pigs as a strategy for acclimatization of pigs to autogenous (endemic) PRRSv strains; comparing protection against autogenous and heterogenous strains to better understand cross protection; and discovering T cell epitopes of PRRSv, which will be useful for designing epitope driven vaccines.The first study relates to the practice of "acclimatization", which is geared towards generation of immunity to locally circulating endemic strains. The study documents acclimatization to PRRSv via contact exposure to inoculated pigs, a novel procedure of acclimatization hitherto not described. Since early acclimatization to PRRSv is considered crucial to development of immunity, we evaluated acclimatization in two age groups and demonstrate that acclimatization to PRRSv via contact exposure may be practiced till pigs are 10.5 weeks of age to raise immunity against locally circulating endemic PRRSv strains.Cross protection is an important issue concerning constantly changing pathogens like PRRSv. Our second study evaluates cross protection by challenging PRRSv vaccinated pigs with autogenous and heterogenous PRRSv strains. The study demonstrates that: (1) The interaction between viral strains and the porcine immune system may not be stereotypic; (2) Long term protection provided by a strain may not correlate with the immediate cytopathic effects of a viral strain; (3) Cross protection may result not only from antigenic variability, but also from inter-strain variation in immunogenicity; and (4) Apart from viral load, other factors related to the inherent virulence of the viral strain may be responsible for disease outcome. Heterogenous viral strains albeit different, possibly have common epitopes that they use to interact with the host. In our third study, we determined the T cell epitopes of the two viral strains used for the second study and also attempted to see if there were any differences between the two strains.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD

Cross-talk between malarial cysteine proteases and falstatin: the BC loop as a hot-spot target.

Cysteine proteases play a crucial role in the development of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Our earlier studies demonstrated that these enzymes are equipped with specific domains for defined functions and further suggested the mechanism of activation of cysteine proteases. The activities of these proteases are regulated by a new class of endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases (ICPs). Structural studies of the ICPs of Trypanosoma cruzi (chagasin) and Plasmodium berghei (PbICP) indicated that three loops (termed BC, DE, and FG) are crucial for binding to target proteases. Falstatin, an ICP of P. falciparum, appears to play a crucial role in invasion of erythrocytes and hepatocytes. However, the mechanism of inhibition of cysteine proteases by falstatin has not been established. Our study suggests that falstatin is the first known ICP to function as a multimeric protein. Using site-directed mutagenesis, hemoglobin hydrolysis assays and peptide inhibition studies, we demonstrate that the BC loop, but not the DE or FG loops, inhibits cysteine proteases of P. falciparum and P. vivax via hydrogen bonds. These results suggest that the BC loop of falstatin acts as a hot-spot target for inhibiting malarial cysteine proteases. This finding suggests new strategies for the development of anti-malarial agents based on protease-inhibitor interactions