Estudo da sucessão secundária, na floresta ombrófila densa submontana, em áreas anteriormente cultivadas pelo sistema de "Coivara", em Iporanga-SP

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Franklin GalvãoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em BotânicaInclui referências: p. 82-86Resumo: Foram estudadas três áreas localizadas numa encosta no município de Iporanga-SP (48°W, 24ºS), coberta por Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana. As três áreas foram utilizadas para cultivo de subsistência pelo sistema caboclo de "Coivara", que inclui derrubada e queima da vegetação, e abandonadas após uma colheita. O tempo decorrido desde o abandono era de 5, 15 e 50 anos. Utilizou-se o método de parcelas, dispondo-se parcelas para o estudo dos indivíduos lenhosos com mais de 2,01m de altura, e subparcelas para os intervalos 1,01-2m e 0,1-1m de altura. O solo nas áreas estudadas mostrou-se homogêneo, com diferenças creditadas ao desenvolvimento das comunidades, sendo Litólico, álico e distrófico. Medidas de luminosidade efetuadas mostraram diferenças compatíveis com a estrutura da vegetação, com maiores intensidades na área mais recente. A composição florística mostrou-se consistente com outras áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa, e com diversidade maior nas áreas mais velhas. Nas áreas mais novas dominaram espécies arbóreas pioneiras como Tibouchina pulchra, ervas e arbustos heliófitos como Leandra australis. Na área mais velha dominaram espécies arbóreas não pioneiras. Uma classificação das espécies em grupos ecológicos foi tentada, dividindo as espécies arbóreas em Pioneiras, Oportunistas e Tolerantes, e as espécies herbáceas e arbustivas em Heliófitas, Flexíveis e Ciófitas. A estrutura variou de um emaranhado denso de ervas e arbustos com árvores pequenas esparsas (área com 5 anos), uma "floresta baixa" com um dossel pouco denso entre 4-6m de altura (área com 15 anos), até uma floresta com dossel em torno de 8-10m, com um sub-bosque e um estrato herbáceo-arbustivo (área com 50 anos).Abstract: This study was carried out in Dense Ombrophyllous Forest in Iporanga, south of São Paulo State, Brazil (48°W, 24°S). Three plots are considered. These three plots have been used for a primitive agricultural practice called "coivara" in eastern Brazil. "Coivara" consists of slash and burn of the vegetation. After the first harvest the site is abandoned. The study plots have different times from the abandonment: 5, 15 and 50 years. The "relevé" method was used, with subsamples for the study of the individuals between 0,1-1m, 1,01-2m and more than 2,01m in height. Although the soil has little differences in the three studied areas, as a result of development of communities, it is homogeneous in general. Light-intensity measures showed differences compatibles with the structure of the communities with highest intensities at the early plot study. The floristic composition has been shown compatible with another areas of Dense Ombrophyllous Forest of eastern Brazil with higher diversity in the older plots. The earliest plots have been dominated by pioneer tree species like Tibouchina pulchra and light-demanding herbs and shrubs like Leandra australis. The oldest plot has been dominated by nonpioneer tree species. The tree species were putting in three ecological groups: Pioneers, Oportunists and Tolérants. The herb and shrub species were putting in Light-demanding, Flexible and Shade-tolerant groups. The communities structure were ranged according the physiognomy of the vegetation: A dense scrub with few little pioneer trees (5 year plot); A "little forest" with a 4-6m canopy; A forest with an 8-10m canopy, a dense subcanopy and an understory

Chuva de sementes em reflorestamento e em remanescente adjacente de Floresta Estacional Atlântica

Ecological succession depends on the seed rain. While the simple arrival of seeds is not assurance of establishment, knowing the seed rain is the first approach to assessing the succession process in sites undergoing forest restoration. For this reason, we sampled the seed rain in a restoration site and in an adjacent seasonal semi-deciduous forest remnant in southern Brazil, in order to describe the process. In each area, 18 seed traps (1 m2) were allocated and visited monthly for two years. All seeds trapped were identified, counted and classified by life form, ecological group and dispersal syndrome. The forest remnant presented higher species richness and abundance of propagules than the restoration site. The composition of species also differed between areas. The seed rain of both areas presented a higher proportion of tree and shade-intolerant species. Several non-planted species, possibly dispersed from forest remnant, were recorded in the restoration site. Analysis of the results suggests that the seed rain is not a constraint to succession in the restoration site. However, the site should be monitored in the long term to assess the establishment, and not only the arrival of seeds of late successional species.A sucessão ecológica depende da chuva de sementes. Embora a simples chegada de sementes não garanta o estabelecimento, conhecer a chuva de sementes é o primeiro passo para avaliar o processo sucessional em sítios sob restauração florestal. Por essa razão, foi amostrada a chuva de sementes em reflorestamento e em remanescente de floresta estacional semidecidual no sul do Brasil, a fim de descrever o processo. Em cada área, 18 armadilhas de sementes (1 m2) foram alocadas e visitadas, mensalmente, por dois anos. Todas as sementes amostradas foram identificadas, contadas e classificadas quanto à forma de vida, grupo ecológico e síndrome de dispersão. O remanescente florestal apresentou maior riqueza de espécies e abundância de propágulos que o reflorestamento. A composição de espécies também diferiu entre as áreas. A chuva de sementes, de ambas as áreas, apresentou maior proporção de árvores e de espécies intolerantes à sombra. Várias espécies não plantadas no reflorestamento, possivelmente dispersadas a partir do remanescente florestal, foram registradas no sítio em restauração. A análise dos resultados sugere que a chuva de semente não é um impedimento ao processo sucessional no reflorestamento. Entretanto, o sítio deve ser monitorado por mais tempo a fim de avaliar o estabelecimento, e não somente a chegada de sementes de espécies sucessionais tardias

Estudo da sucessão secundária, na floresta ombrófila densa submontana, em áreas anteriormente cultivadas pelo sistema de "Coivara", em Iporanga-SP

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Franklin GalvãoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em BotânicaInclui referências: p. 82-86Resumo: Foram estudadas três áreas localizadas numa encosta no município de Iporanga-SP (48°W, 24ºS), coberta por Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana. As três áreas foram utilizadas para cultivo de subsistência pelo sistema caboclo de "Coivara", que inclui derrubada e queima da vegetação, e abandonadas após uma colheita. O tempo decorrido desde o abandono era de 5, 15 e 50 anos. Utilizou-se o método de parcelas, dispondo-se parcelas para o estudo dos indivíduos lenhosos com mais de 2,01m de altura, e subparcelas para os intervalos 1,01-2m e 0,1-1m de altura. O solo nas áreas estudadas mostrou-se homogêneo, com diferenças creditadas ao desenvolvimento das comunidades, sendo Litólico, álico e distrófico. Medidas de luminosidade efetuadas mostraram diferenças compatíveis com a estrutura da vegetação, com maiores intensidades na área mais recente. A composição florística mostrou-se consistente com outras áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa, e com diversidade maior nas áreas mais velhas. Nas áreas mais novas dominaram espécies arbóreas pioneiras como Tibouchina pulchra, ervas e arbustos heliófitos como Leandra australis. Na área mais velha dominaram espécies arbóreas não pioneiras. Uma classificação das espécies em grupos ecológicos foi tentada, dividindo as espécies arbóreas em Pioneiras, Oportunistas e Tolerantes, e as espécies herbáceas e arbustivas em Heliófitas, Flexíveis e Ciófitas. A estrutura variou de um emaranhado denso de ervas e arbustos com árvores pequenas esparsas (área com 5 anos), uma "floresta baixa" com um dossel pouco denso entre 4-6m de altura (área com 15 anos), até uma floresta com dossel em torno de 8-10m, com um sub-bosque e um estrato herbáceo-arbustivo (área com 50 anos).Abstract: This study was carried out in Dense Ombrophyllous Forest in Iporanga, south of São Paulo State, Brazil (48°W, 24°S). Three plots are considered. These three plots have been used for a primitive agricultural practice called "coivara" in eastern Brazil. "Coivara" consists of slash and burn of the vegetation. After the first harvest the site is abandoned. The study plots have different times from the abandonment: 5, 15 and 50 years. The "relevé" method was used, with subsamples for the study of the individuals between 0,1-1m, 1,01-2m and more than 2,01m in height. Although the soil has little differences in the three studied areas, as a result of development of communities, it is homogeneous in general. Light-intensity measures showed differences compatibles with the structure of the communities with highest intensities at the early plot study. The floristic composition has been shown compatible with another areas of Dense Ombrophyllous Forest of eastern Brazil with higher diversity in the older plots. The earliest plots have been dominated by pioneer tree species like Tibouchina pulchra and light-demanding herbs and shrubs like Leandra australis. The oldest plot has been dominated by nonpioneer tree species. The tree species were putting in three ecological groups: Pioneers, Oportunists and Tolérants. The herb and shrub species were putting in Light-demanding, Flexible and Shade-tolerant groups. The communities structure were ranged according the physiognomy of the vegetation: A dense scrub with few little pioneer trees (5 year plot); A "little forest" with a 4-6m canopy; A forest with an 8-10m canopy, a dense subcanopy and an understory

Efeitos da invasão por Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. sobre regenerantes de plantas arbóreas em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual secundária em Londrina (PR)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2013v26n3p63Consideradas atualmente como uma das principais causas de perda de biodiversidade no planeta, as espécies exóticas invasoras causam sérios problemas para os ecossistemas naturais, acarretando até mesmo extinções locais. Surpreendentemente, muitas invasões têm origens corriqueiras, como o cultivo de plantas ornamentais em jardins. Este estudo buscou verificar os impactos da invasão biológica pela herbácea exótica Tradescantia zebrina Heynh., sobre a regeneração em um fragmento de floresta secundária. Nesse fragmento, o sub-bosque é em parte dominado por T. zebrina e, para testar a hipótese de que a mesma é responsável pela limitação da regeneração de espécies arbóreas nativas, foram implantadas parcelas em áreas com e sem a presença da espécie invasora. Todos os indivíduos de espécies arbóreas com altura entre 10 cm e 1 m foram registrados. A composição de espécies e a estrutura da regeneração foram comparadas entre os tratamentos. Tradescantia zebrina mostrou-se uma forte competidora, afetando a abundância e riqueza de espécies. Embora já tenham sido reportadas na literatura iniciativas de controle com herbicidas não-seletivos, considera-se urgente a realização de mais estudos sobre possíveis formas de controle de T. zebrina, visando o restabelecimento da vegetação nativa

Impacts of Panicum maximum Jacq. invasion and its manual weeding on the wood plant regeneration in the understory of a restoration site<br> Efeitos da invasão por Panicum maximum Jacq. e do seu controle manual sobre a regeneração de plantas lenhosas no sub-bosque de um reflorestamento

Responsible for considerable annual losses of biodiversity in natural ecosystems, invasive alien species cause important conservation problems, leading native species to local extinction. This study examined the relationship among the coverage of Guinea-grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), its manual weeding and the woody plant diversity of a restoration site. The site is a reforestation created using native species but due to spacing and species composition grass still dominates its understory more than 17 years after. Preliminary results showed that it is a barrier to the establishment of native species. In this study, we established 20 plots of 5m x 5m divided into two treatments, control and removal of P. maximum, to investigate the impact of manual weeding on the understory in a period of 90 days. Grass cover and canopy openness were also recorded. The grass cover had negative correlation with the abundance of plants, with the species richness and abundance of tree species. Canopy openness had a negative influence on the species richness, on abundance and richness of tree species, but not showed correlation with P. maximum. After grass removal, both abundance of seedling and species richness had no significant differences, so the manual weeding did not cause a negative impact in short time on the regeneration of the understory due to accidental native plant uprooting. However, a positive impact is expected only after a longer period of observation, after successive removals of invasive herbaceous and increased chance of colonization of the area by regenerating seedlings.Responsáveis por perdas anuais consideráveis na biodiversidade dos ecossistemas naturais, as espécies exóticas invasoras causam sérios problemas à conservação, levando muitas espécies à extinção local. Este estudo analisou o efeito da cobertura de capim-colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq.) no sub-bosque de um reflorestamento dominado há mais de 17 anos por essa gramínea exótica invasora, pois resultados preliminares apontam-na como barreira para o estabelecimento de espécies nativas. Neste estudo, foram implantadas 20 parcelas de 5m x 5m (25m²) distribuídas em dois tratamentos, controle e remoção de capim-colonião, para se avaliar o impacto da capina manual sobre o sub-bosque num período de 90 dias. Dados acerca da cobertura de P. maximum e a porcentagem de abertura do dossel foram coletados. A cobertura de capim-colonião teve correlação negativa com a abundância de plantas, com a riqueza de espécies e com a abundância de espécies arbóreas. A abertura do dossel influenciou negativamente a riqueza de espécies, a abundância e a riqueza de espécies arbóreas, mas não teve correlação com a cobertura de P. maximum. Após a remoção da gramínea, tanto a abundância de regenerantes quanto a riqueza de espécies não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, logo a capina manual não causou impacto negativo em curto prazo na regeneração do sub-bosque, já que poucas plantas foram acidentalmente arrancadas. Porém, um impacto positivo é esperado somente após um período maior de observação, após sucessivas remoções da herbácea invasora e aumento de chance de colonização da área por regenerantes

Combining plant and bird data increases the accuracy of an Index of Biotic Integrity to assess conservation levels of tropical forest fragments

Rapid ecological assessment methods, such as Rapid Ecological Assessments (REA) and Indexes of Biotic Integrity (IBI) are useful tools for the selection of priority areas for biodiversity conservation. However, the majority of rapid assessment methods are based on data from a single taxonomic group; a multi-taxa index should provide a more integrated evaluation of the response of a disturbed system. In this study, we propose a new, easy-to-follow, integrated Index of Biotic Integrity (IBIint) which combines plants and birds to assess ecological integrity of tropical forest fragments. This integrated index combines the information of two previously developed rapid assessment methods: REA for plants and IBI for birds. These two indexes were built based on key vegetation features and on levels of sensitivity to forest fragmentation of bird species. We applied IBI, REA and the new IBIint indexes on the characterization of 10 forest fragments and in a large continuous forest block (reference area). We also tested the correlation of the proposed index (IBIint), REA and IBI with patch size, forest amount and connectivity at four spatial scales (250, 500, 1000, 1500 m). Our hypothesis was that IBIint would be more correlated with landscape metrics than the REA and IBI. As expected, IBIint was the more accurate index once it was explained by all landscape variables: area of forest fragments; forest connectivity; and, percentage of forest cover at four spatial scales. REA and IBI were explained only by one of those parameters. We conclude that IBIint can be an excellent tool to aid conservationists and managers for defining conservation strategies in scenarios with fast habitat loss. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

What Role Should Government Regulation Play in Ecological Restoration? Ongoing Debate in São Paulo State, Brazil

Around the world, there is growing desire and momentum for ecological restoration to happen faster, with better quality, and in more extensive areas. The question we ask is how can laws and governmental regulations best contribute to effective, successful, and broad-scale restoration? In the state of São Paulo, Brazil, there is a legal instrument (SMA 08-2008) whose aim is to increase the effectiveness of tropical forest restoration projects in particular. It establishes, among other things, requirements regarding the minimum number of native tree species to be reached within a given period of time in restoration projects and the precise proportion of functional groups or threatened species to be included when reforestation with native species is used as a restoration technique. There are, however, two differing perspectives among Brazilian restoration ecologists on the appropriateness of such detailed legal rules. For some, the rules help increase the chances that mandatory projects of ecological restoration will succeed. For the other group, there is no single way to achieve effective ecosystem restoration, and the existing science and know-how are far from sufficient to establish standardized technical and methodological norms or to justify that such norms be imposed. Both points of view are discussed here, aiming to help those developing new legislation and improving existing laws about ecological restoration. The precedents established in São Paulo, and at the federal level in Brazil, and the ongoing debate about those laws are worth considering and possibly applying elsewhere.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Early stage litter decomposition across biomes

Through litter decomposition enormous amounts of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Numerous large-scale decomposition experiments have been conducted focusing on this fundamental soil process in order to understand the controls on the terrestrial carbon transfer to the atmosphere. However, previous studies were mostly based on site-specific litter and methodologies, adding major uncertainty to syntheses, comparisons and meta-analyses across different experiments and sites. In the TeaComposition initiative, the potential litter decomposition is investigated by using standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green tea) for comparison of litter mass loss at 336 sites (ranging from −9 to +26 °C MAT and from 60 to 3113 mm MAP) across different ecosystems. In this study we tested the effect of climate (temperature and moisture), litter type and land-use on early stage decomposition (3 months) across nine biomes. We show that litter quality was the predominant controlling factor in early stage litter decomposition, which explained about 65% of the variability in litter decomposition at a global scale. The effect of climate, on the other hand, was not litter specific and explained <0.5% of the variation for Green tea and 5% for Rooibos tea, and was of significance only under unfavorable decomposition conditions (i.e. xeric versus mesic environments). When the data were aggregated at the biome scale, climate played a significant role on decomposition of both litter types (explaining 64% of the variation for Green tea and 72% for Rooibos tea). No significant effect of land-use on early stage litter decomposition was noted within the temperate biome. Our results indicate that multiple drivers are affecting early stage litter mass loss with litter quality being dominant. In order to be able to quantify the relative importance of the different drivers over time, long-term studies combined with experimental trials are needed.This work was performed within the TeaComposition initiative, carried out by 190 institutions worldwide. We thank Gabrielle Drozdowski for her help with the packaging and shipping of tea, Zora Wessely and Johannes Spiegel for the creative implementation of the acknowledgement card, Josip Dusper for creative implementation of the graphical abstract, Christine Brendle for the GIS editing, and Marianne Debue for her help with the data cleaning. Further acknowledgements go to Adriana Principe, Melanie Köbel, Pedro Pinho, Thomas Parker, Steve Unger, Jon Gewirtzman and Margot McKleeven for the implementation of the study at their respective sites. We are very grateful to UNILEVER for sponsoring the Lipton tea bags and to the COST action ClimMani for scientific discussions, adoption and support to the idea of TeaComposition as a common metric. The initiative was supported by the following grants: ILTER Initiative Grant, ClimMani Short-Term Scientific Missions Grant (COST action ES1308; COST-STSM-ES1308-36004; COST-STM-ES1308-39006; ES1308-231015-068365), INTERACT (EU H2020 Grant No. 730938), and Austrian Environment Agency (UBA). Franz Zehetner acknowledges the support granted by the Prometeo Project of Ecuador's Secretariat of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) as well as Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (2190). Ana I. Sousa, Ana I. Lillebø and Marta Lopes thanks for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017), to FCT/MEC through national funds (PIDDAC), and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. The research was also funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, FCT, through SFRH/BPD/107823/2015 (A.I. Sousa), co-funded by POPH/FSE. Thomas Mozdzer thanks US National Science Foundation NSF DEB-1557009. Helena C. Serrano thanks Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (UID/BIA/00329/2013). Milan Barna acknowledges Scientific Grant Agency VEGA (2/0101/18). Anzar A Khuroo acknowledges financial support under HIMADRI project from SAC-ISRO, India

Early stage litter decomposition across biomes

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVINInternational audienceThrough litter decomposition enormous amounts of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Numerous large-scale decomposition experiments have been conducted focusing on this fundamental soil process in order to understand the controls on the terrestrial carbon transfer to the atmosphere. However, previous studies were mostly based on site-specific litter and methodologies, adding major uncertainty to syntheses, comparisons and meta-analyses across different experiments and sites. In the TeaComposition initiative, the potential litter decomposition is investigated by using standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green tea) for comparison of litter mass loss at 336 sites (ranging fro