(69(1): 25-45)Rice Lodging Detection Using the Photography from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

無人載具 (unmanned aerial vehicle; UAV) 航拍能提供大範圍且高解析度之多光譜或高光譜影像，包含：可見光 (red-green-blue; RGB)、近紅外光 (near-infrared; NIR) 與3D 點雲等影像資訊。本研究透過光譜分類技術與數值地表模型 (digital surface model; DSM)，評估不同影像分類技術對於水稻倒伏災損判釋的準確度，以期提出具有快速、簡易及準確性高的影像災損判釋方法，提供農業災害勘查與鑑定之空間輔助工具。本研究應用UAV 航拍影像，首先透過UAV 專業影像處理軟體Pix4D Mapper，產生DSM 與正射影像，透接著依據影像監督分類、標準差植生指數 (normalized difference vegetation index; NDVI) 分類及DSM 分類，針對2017年6 月分連續超大豪雨對台中市霧峰地區水稻所造成之災損倒伏情形，進行水稻倒伏災損影像判釋技術之發展。結果顯示，UAV 航拍所得之可見光RGB 正射影像，能清楚觀測水稻災損範圍與相對的災損情形，針對大範圍之災區勘災作業，本研究推薦應用影像監督分類技術進行災損判釋，其水稻災損倒伏率比對申請救助之災損率的正確率約為92% (以符合農業天然災害救助辦法中倒伏率20% 為評估基準需求)。另外，再輔以現地災損查核，以加強災損判釋的正確性。因此，本研究建議，現今農業災害的勘災與災損救助作業，應透過階層分工的概念，發揮各類技術的最大功效，運用最精簡的時間與人力，以提供最快速與最高品質的災損評估成果。 The photography from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) provides multispectral images (i.e., red, green, blue, and near-infrared bands) and 3-dimensional points cloud with high-spatial-resolution and covering wide-region. In order to provide the maps for geographic information system (GIS) in assisting the agricultural post-disaster investigation, the goal of this study is to discover the most effective agriculture damage interpretation by using image discrimination technology with the characteristics of vehicle speed, convenience, and accuracy. In this study, image interpretation technologies, including image classification and digital surface model (DSM) classification, will be evaluated on the accuracy of rice lodging detection. Firstly, Pix4D Mapper, the professional photogrammetry and drone mapping software, is used to produce DSM and orthophotographs from the photography of UAV. Secondly, the image supervised classification, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) classification, and DSM classification are applied for detection of rice lodging in Wufeng District, Taichung City. The study area was damaged by the extremely torrential rain in a few days during the beginning of June, 2017. As a result, the damage region and the situation of rice lodging can be delineated by UAV orthophotographs. This study, especially on wide-region post-disaster investigation, recommends adoption of the image supervised classification on rice lodging detection, because the rate of accuracy between the disaster rate of estimation by image interpretation and the disaster rate of ground-based surveillance system reached 92.54% (under the baseline of 20% of disaster rate in accordance with the Implementation Rules of Agricultural Natural Disaster Relief). In addition, the accuracy of disaster interpretation can be improved by cooperating with the ground-based surveillance system. In conclusion, the agricultural post-disaster detection and rescue operations will be improved by the cooperation between new technologies and traditional labor-force. The capabilities and potentials from both sides need to be brought in to compensate one’s shortcomings by using the individual strengths. With that, the efficiency and high-quality of damage detection can be achieved at least cost

The Effect of Several Chemicals and Fungicidal Waxes on Decay Control in Loose-Skinned Oranges

椪柑與桶柑爲臺灣最重要的外銷柑桔，惟因不耐貯連，外銷腐損有高達三分之二者。本實驗旨在研究採收後藥劑及塗臘處理。對於控制椪柑及桶柑腐敗之效果與價值。供試柑桔於果旁作一深0.8~1.1mm，長1.5~2.0cm之十字刻傷。以毛筆用綠微及青微混合孢子之水懸液（每c.c約有孢子一百至一百五十萬個）接種。而後以Dowicide A, Borax-boric acid, Thiabendazole (TBZ), Benlate (D-1991)等藥劑之水溶液及乳臘消毒。另於接種後0，12，18，24，36和48小時消毒。果實處理後置於68°F及85~90%r.h.之恒溫室內。隔3，7，14，及21天檢查果實之腐爛率。茲將結果摘要如下： (1)晚期採收之椪柑，腐損率甚高。此因果實過熟而使其活力降低之故。桶柑帶葉及果柄採收者，開簍後四天約有百分之三十因機械損傷而腐爛。 (2)單以水臘(Fresher 1:10)塗於果面，未能防止微菌之生長。故不應視其有防腐之作用。 (3)Dowicide A, Borax-boric acid TBZ, 及Benlate不論是水溶液或加入水臘中均有防腐效果。TBZ及Benlate之水溶液濃度低至250ppm仍有防腐效果。其效果似依濃度之增加而增大。且濃度雖高達2000ppm仍無損及果皮之現象發生。 (4)TBZ及Benlate在椪柑接種後置於68°F 24小時內處理，仍有防腐之效果。對於桶柑方面，於接種後置於68°F 24小時內以TBZ處理亦有防腐之效果。但Benlate僅在接種後18小時內處理者有防腐效果。 (5)桶柑接種後腐敗速度較晚期椪柑爲快，此可能是桶柑於濕季採收，果內水分及膨壓較高之故。及刻傷之深度與腐敗率有關。 TBZ及Benlate爲最近發現之柑桔果實防腐藥劑。TBZ已得美國食物藥品管理局允許使用，而Benlate則正進行試驗中。故對於臺灣外銷之柑桔，TBZ似乎值得推薦使用。 Several chemicals, namely, borax and boric acid Dowicide A, Thiabendazele (TBZ). and Benlate (D-199l) were tested separately in water solution and wax emulsion for control of penicillium mold decay in loose-skinned oranges. The oranges were scratc-inoculated with mold spores and incubated at 68°F for 0, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours before fungicidal treatment The inuculation process was carried out by means of a smear with a Chinese writing brush dipped in a concentrate spate suspension (approximately 1-1.5 mil-lion per c. c.) The teat oranges were held at 68°F and 85-90% r. h. for 3 weeks and inspected for decay at intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment The late-season Ponkan oranges have a higher rate of decay than the mid-season oranges due to a lower vitality. Bath TBZ and Benlate showed a long or antifungal function on mold control than borax-boric acid and Dowicide A and seemed to have a higher fugistat effect on germination of mold spares having effective decay control at the concentration of 250ppm and no peel injury at 2000ppm. TBZ and Benlate in water solution and in wax emulsion were equally effective. However, Fresher water-wax (a commercial wax) alone was not effective to control citron decay. TBZ and Benlate of l000ppm controlled decay in the Ponkan oranges incubated or 24 hrs. With Tankan oranges, TBZ controlled decay in the fruit incubated for 24 hrs while Benlate was only effective in the fruit incubated for 18 hrs. Thus, we would recommend to treat Ponkaw with TBZ or Benlate within 24 hrs after the possible infection has occurred, and Tankan within 18 hrs

Screening of Rice Mutants from a Sodium Azide Derived Mutation Pool of Tainung 67 Variety: Grain Appearance and Amylose Mutants

本試驗以疊氮化鈉誘變所建立之台農67號突變庫已純化之1，120個M7世代突變品系為材料，進行米粒外觀及直鏈性澱粉含量突變體之篩選，結果發現突變品系之白米率及完整米率之突變範圍分別為44~81%及0~78%。突變親台農67號之穀粒外穎及種皮為無色，米粒呈透明，透明度中等，部份米粒有腹白，極少數有心白發生。經誘變後發現有完全心白、完全腹白及不同程度之乳白粒突變體出現，部分品系透明度增加，呈晶瑩剔透狀，但也有很多品系變成似糯性之不透明色。突變後米粒直鏈性澱粉含量分佈範圍從糯性至31%，變異範圍明顯廣大，且呈連續分布。而具有相同直鏈性澱粉含量之突變品系其農藝性狀、千粒重、結實率及米粒型態也呈現相當大之變異。利用糙米橫切面碘液染色，可快速分辨糥性與非糯性突變體、乳白米與糯米突變體，然而所分離的糥性突變品系間，仍有部分直鏈性澱粉合成之差異存在。總之，疊氮化鈉誘變劑誘導水稻台農67號產生許多碾米品質、米粒外觀及直鏈性澱粉含量差異之突變體，提供同一米質多樣性變異之資源，可直接評估其利用性或作為探討澱粉合成之機制及影響米質之相關生理生化特性之材料，提供改進米質與產量之參考。 In this paper, we report the screening of grain appearance and amylose content from 1,120 mutants in M7 generation of a mutation pool derived from TNG67 rice variety induced by sodium azide mutagenesis. The results show that the range of variations in milled rice rate and head rice rate are 44-81% and 0-78%, respectively. The grains of TNG67 variety show colorless husk and seed coat, middle translucent and partial white-belly, mutants colored husks and seed coats, high translucent, all white-belly, milk-white and transparent grains are observed. The grain amylose content of mutants shows continuous distribution to 31%. Mutants with similar amylose content possess various grain characteristics in 1000-grain weight, grain filling rate and morphological shape. Grain cross-section staining with iodide could be applied to differentiate the waxy mutant from non-waxy, milk-white, and waxy-pigmented mutants. These grain mutants provide good materials for rice food processing and starch metabolism studies, and germplasms for rice variety and quality improvement