Capturing Design Ideas: A Protocol Analysis Model

This article explores the impact of digital technology on freehand drawing in the wider context of design ideation and the search for a method to capture how designers go about generating and communicating their ideas, both in design schools and industry. In this, the general issue of design methodology is looked at together with a range of specific research methods that might be helpful to the researcher of creative work. The author suggests an assembly of methods within the case study method, notably protocol analysis, and sets out to test these in a pilot study with a second year undergraduate design student. The outcome provided sufficiently illuminating data for the author to conclude that the protocol analysis is a viable research tool for exploring aspects of conceptualisation in design

Design Ideation: The Conceptual Sketch in a Digital Design Culture

Design ideation, or the generating and developing of design ideas is central to designing in both education and practice. But what is the impact of digital technology on conceptual tools, notably the traditional pen and paper sketch? Initial research, in the Introduction highlights how freehand drawing is under pressure from digital technology both in design schools and industry yet educators and practitioners alike seem uncertain how best to deal with the digital challenge. The Literature review, in which the investigation is likened to a sprawling rhizome, covers both practical and philosophical concerns about conceptual tools thereby extending the notion of sketching beyond pen and paper, to what is called sketcherly ways of designing. To find out how to capture designers' use of conceptual tools, the spectrum of Design methodology was explored in which the case study method combined with protocol study emerged as the research strategy to be tested in a Pilot study. The pilot outcome set the scene for a protocol study with first-year design students which, through a series of Ideation workshops, illuminates how sketching together with verbalisation is a powerful combination for conceptualisation. In this, the workshop format emerged as an effective means for encouraging novice designers to develop ideation skills. The pilot was also instrumental for conducting a Multiple case study comprising five second year design students and five recent design graduates working in industry in the domains of fashion, architecture, graphics, product and general design. Using self-reporting and interviews the cases illuminate real uses of conceptual tools situated in everyday designing that reveal the multifaceted yet unpredictable character of ideation. The Summary and Conclusion discuss the future role of the conceptual sketch in digital design environments and suggest how scholarship in the context of teaching and learning design can bridge the worlds of design schools and professional practice. In this, computer-aided ideation, CAI, emerged as a promising research field

Bartholmew Fayre

Dialecto literario. -- Northern English. -- Southwestern English. -- Irish English. -- Pertenece a la colección LD 1500-1699 del Salamanca Corpus. -- Obra de teatro .-- Ben Jonson, 1572-1637.[ES] Obra que contiene rasgos del inglés del Norte, del Suroeste e Irlanda [EN] Play that contains a representation of Northern, Southwestern and Irish Englishe

El comercio de noticias y Noticias del Nuevo Mundo descubierto en la Luna

En fecha tan temprana como 1622 aparece en Inglaterra la primera publicación periódica. Ese mismo año Ben Jonson, escritor teatral contemporáneo de William Shakespeare, compone una mascarada, la primera obra literaria que alude al fenómeno del periodismo. Cuatro años después, en 1626, escribe y hace representar toda una comedia cuyo tema central y escenario es un periódico. Por primera vez en español damos ahora en traducción ambas obras, Noticias del Nuevo Mundo descubierto en la Luna (News from the New World discover’d in the Moon) y El comercio de noticias (The staple of news). Especialmente esta última es, además de una apreciable pieza dramática, un excelente retrato de un fenómeno emergente que no solamente describe las características del incipiente periodismo, sino además una reflexión sobre cuestiones tales como la democracia, la participación ciudadana, la monarquía, la estructura empresarial o los derechos de autor. La obra de Jonson es el retrato de una época oscura, apenas dos décadas de albores del periodismo, y su literatura es la única capaz de devolvernos algo de su efímero esplendor. Pero es también el retrato de una profesión cuyas principales características, que el escalpelo crítico de Jonson tan ácidamente pone de manifiesto, siguen siendo contemporáneas. Con sus casi cuatro siglos de solera, en la oficina de noticias que Jonson nos pinta está teniendo lugar una escena que no ha perdido su vigencia

Exploring inequities in child welfare and child protection services: explaining the 'inverse intervention law'

Attempts to record, understand and respond to variations in child welfare and protection reporting, service patterns and outcomes are international, numerous and longstanding. Reframing such variations as an issue of inequity between children and between families opens the way to a new approach to explaining the profound difference in intervention rates between and within countries and administrative districts. Recent accounts of variation have frequently been based on the idea that there is a binary division between bias and risk (or need). Here we propose seeing supply (bias) and demand (risk) factors as two aspects of a single system, both framed, in part, by social structures. A recent finding from a study of intervention rates in England, the 'inverse intervention law', is used to illustrate the complex ways in which a range of factors interact to produce intervention rates. In turn, this analysis raises profound moral, policy, practice and research questions about current child welfare and child protection services

When The News Was Sung: Ballads as News Media in Early Modern Europe

News songs differ in crucial ways to the other news media of the early modern period like newsletters, newspapers, or diplomatic correspondence – they differ even from the prose broadsheets and pamphlets that they so closely resemble. As historians of news we need to ask different kinds of questions of these multi-media artifacts. For example, how does the presentation in a performative genre affect the dissemination and reception of information about events? What part do orality and aurality play in how the news was sold and received? Here the activities and social status of street singers play an important role. We must consider the production, format and distribution of these songs in order to understand their impact. We also need to pay attention to the conjunction between text and melody, and the ways in which this affected the presentation of a news event. On a broader scale, what kind of information can ballads provide about specific news events that other documents cannot or will not provide? Can they offer us a new medium by which to interpret historical events? And lastly, how should historians deal with these profoundly emotive texts? The combination of sensationalist language and affecting music meant that songs had the potential to provoke a more powerful response than any other contemporary news source, and this emotional potency can at times be challenging for a modern historian to decipher and explain. This article will attempt to answer some of these questions and suggest some of the skills we as historians need to develop in order to appreciate the full meaning of songs as the most popular of news media in early modern Europe

Clinical measures of static foot posture do not agree

© 2016 The Author(s). Background: The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between common clinical foot classification measures. Methods: Static foot assessment was undertaken using the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6), rearfoot angle (RFA), medial longitudinal arch angle (MLAA) and navicular drop (ND) in 30 participants (29 ± 6 years, 1.72 ± 0.08 m, 75 ± 18 kg). The right foot was measured on two occasions by one rater within the same test environment. Agreement between the test sessions was initially determined for each measure using the Weighted Kappa. Agreement between the measures was determined using Fleiss Kappa. Results: Foot classification across the two test occasions was almost perfect for MLAA (Kw = .92) and FPI-6 (Kw = .92), moderate for RFA (Kw = .60) and fair for ND (Kw = .40) for comparison within the measures. Overall agreement between the measures for foot classification was moderate (Kf = .58). Conclusion: The findings reported in this study highlight discrepancies between the chosen foot classification measures. The FPI-6 was a reliable multi-planar measure whereas navicular drop emerged as an unreliable measure with only fair agreement across test sessions. The use of this measure for foot assessment is discouraged. The lack of strong consensus between measures for foot classification underpins the need for a consensus on appropriate clinical measures of foot structure

Coulomb dissociation of O-16 into He-4 and C-12

We measured the Coulomb dissociation of O-16 into He-4 and C-12 within the FAIR Phase-0 program at GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt, Germany. From this we will extract the photon dissociation cross section O-16(alpha,gamma)C-12, which is the time reversed reaction to C-12(alpha,gamma)O-16. With this indirect method, we aim to improve on the accuracy of the experimental data at lower energies than measured so far. The expected low cross section for the Coulomb dissociation reaction and close magnetic rigidity of beam and fragments demand a high precision measurement. Hence, new detector systems were built and radical changes to the (RB)-B-3 setup were necessary to cope with the high-intensity O-16 beam. All tracking detectors were designed to let the unreacted O-16 ions pass, while detecting the C-12 and He-4