Hábitos alimentarios y rendimiento académico en escolares adolescentes de Chile.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe the eating habits and analyze the relationship between eating habits and academic performance in school adolescent population of Chile.Material and Methods: The study has a descriptive cross-cutting design. The sample was formed by 2116 students (60,8% women and 39,2% men). Habits were determined by means of a 24-hour recall and school averages, in mathematics and language, as well as standardized tests were considered. For the analysis of data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used.Results: The results indicated that 59,1% of students have breakfast; 71,4% eat three or four meals a day; And, that those who performed such actions have a medium of performance that is superior to those who do not.Conclusions: Those with correct eating habits show better school performance, enhancing the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle habits among the school community.Introducción: Este estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la relación entre rendimiento académico y los hábitos alimentarios de una población escolar adolescente de Chile.Material y Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal. La muestra fue de 2116 estudiantes (60,8% mujeres y 39,2% hombres). Se determinaron los hábitos por medio de un recordatorio de 24 horas y se consideraron los promedios escolares generales, de matemática y lenguaje, además de pruebas estandarizadas. Para el análisis de datos se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales.Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que un 59,1% de los estudiantes desayuna; un71,4% realiza tres o cuatro comidas al día; Y, que quienes realizan dichas acciones tienen medias de rendimiento superiores a quienes no.Conclusiones: Quienes presentan correctos hábitos alimentarios evidencian un mejor rendimiento escolar, realzando la importancia de promover hábitos de vida saludable entre la comunidad escolar

Estado Nutricional y Desempeño Físico de una muestra de Escolares de 14 y 15 años de la ciudad de Chillán, Chile

Introducción: La obesidad infantil es un problema de elevada magnitud y con graves repercusiones en el estado de salud, lo que plantea la necesidad de tomar medidas orientadas a estimular o mejorar, tanto el aporte nutricional como la condición física. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el desempeño físico de una muestra de estudiantes según el estado nutricional en estudiantes de 14 y 15 años de la ciudad de Chillán. Material y Método: Estudio observacional transversal descriptivo llevado a cabo con 245 estudiantes del instituto superior de Comercio de la ciudad de Chillán, octava región de Chile. Se recogió información del peso y talla con el que se obtuvo el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia cintura. Además se recogió información sobre el desempeño físico como Course-Navette, abdominales, flexiones de brazo, salto y flexibilidad a través de la batería utilizada por la Agencia de Calidad de la Educación en Chile (SIMCE) de Educación Física. Resultados: Un 18,8% y un 14,3% de los estudiantes presenta sobrepeso y obesidad respectivamente. Los niños que presentan sobrepeso y obesidad tienen un peor rendimiento físico con un menor número de repeticiones abdominales y flexiones de brazo, un menor salto y un menor tiempo en segundos en Course-Navette. En flexibilidad no se encontraron diferencias según es estado nutricional. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes con sobrepeso y obesidad presentan un peor rendimiento físico. De ahí la necesidad de tomar medidas orientadas a estimular o mejorar la capacidad física para revertir estas tendencias adversas para su salud

Could Physical Fitness Be Considered as a Protective Social Factor Associated with Bridging the Cognitive Gap Related to School Vulnerability in Adolescents? The Cogni-Action Project

Carlos Cristi-Montero received funding for the Cogni-Action Project from the National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research CONICYT/FONDECYT INICIACION 2016 grant No. 11160703 (Chile), and the National Research and Development Agency (ANID) from Chile-2019, Postdoctoral Grant No. 74200071.The first aim was to compare differences between school vulnerability groups, fitness levels, and their combination in adolescent cognitive performance. The second aim was to determine the mediation role of fitness in the association between school vulnerability and cognitive performance. A total of 912 Chilean adolescents aged 10–14 years participated in this study. The school vulnerability index (SVI) assigned by the Chilean Government was categorized into high-, mid-, or low-SVI. Adolescents were classified as fit or unfit according to their global fitness z-score computed from their cardiorespiratory (CRF), muscular (MF), and speed/agility fitness (SAF) adjusted for age and sex. A global cognitive scorewas estimated through eight tasks based on a neurocognitive battery. Covariance and mediation analyses were performed, adjusted for sex, schools, body mass index, and peak high velocity. Independent analyses showed that the higher SVI, the lower the cognitive performance (F(6,905) = 18.5; p < 0.001). Conversely, fit adolescents presented a higher cognitive performance than their unfit peers (F(5,906) = 8.93; p < 0.001). The combined analysis found cognitive differences between fit and unfit adolescents in both the high- and mid-SVI levels (Cohen’s d = 0.32). No differences were found between fit participants belonging to higher SVI groups and unfit participants belonging to lower SVI groups. Mediation percentages of 9.0%, 5.6%, 7.1%, and 2.8% were observed for the global fitness score, CRF, MF, and SAF, respectively. The mediation effect was significant between lowwith mid-high-SVI levels but not between mid- and high-SVI levels. These findings suggest that an adequate physical fitness level should be deemed a protective social factor associated with bridging the cognitive gap linked to school vulnerability in adolescents. This favourable influence seems to be most significant in adolescents belonging to a more adverse social background.National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research CONICYT/FONDECYT INICIACION (Chile) 11160703National Research and Development Agency (ANID) from Chile 7420007

Efecto de un programa de actividad física sobre el fitness percibido en escolares de 9 a 11 años

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of a physical activity (PA) program on the fitness perceptions (FP) of nine-to-11-year-old schoolchildren. This quasi-experimental study involved 24 children divided into experimental (EG) and control groups (CG). Perceptions of fitness (FP), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRFP) and muscular strength (MSP) were assessed using the International Physical Fitness Scale (IFIS). Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon U tests were used with significance set at p < .05. Significant differences were found between groups in FP (.000 p < .05), CRFP (.002 p < .05) and MSP (0.02 p < .05), with better perceptions existing in the EG. The estimated effect size was large, indicating real differences between the two groups (FP [CG] = 0.15; FP [EG] = 1.71; CRFP [CG] = 0.15; CRFP [EG] = 2.50; MSP [CG] = 1.14; MSP [EG] = 3 .34). The main findings revealed that the examined PA program had a significantly positive effect on FP both overall and in relation to its cardiorespiratory (CRF) and muscular strength (MS) components. A large effect size was also produced with regards to differences between experimental and control groups. The strategy examined here could be applied in schools and may also influence psychological, academic and social outcomes.El objetivo fue analizar el efecto de un programa de actividad física (AF) sobre el fitness percibido (FP) de escolares de nueve a 11 años. Este estudio cuasi-experimental involucró a 24 niños divididos en grupo experimental (GE) y grupo control (GC). Los componentes FP, aptitud cardiorrespiratoria percibida (CRFP) y fuerza muscular percibida (MSP) se evaluaron con la Escala Internacional de Aptitud Física (IFIS). Se utilizaron las pruebas U de Mann-Whitney y Wilcoxon; significación p < .05. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos en FP (.000 p < .05), CRFP (.002 p < .05) y MSP (0.02 p < .05) a favor del GE. El tamaño del efecto estimado es grande para establecer diferencias entre grupos (FP CG = 0.15, FP EG = 1.71, CRFP CG = 0.15, CRFP EG = 2.50, MSP CG = 1.14, MSP EG = 3.34). Los principales hallazgos muestran que un programa de AF tiene un efecto significativamente positivo en la FP y en los componentes de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (CRF) y fuerza muscular (MS) en comparación con el GC; también produce un gran tamaño del efecto sobre las diferencias entre grupos. Por lo tanto, es una estrategia que podría aplicarse en las escuelas y puede influir en otras áreas como la psicológica, académica y social.Actividad Física y Deport

Anxiety, low self-esteem and a low happiness index are associated with poor school performance in Chilean adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis

Objective: To analyze the relationship between anxiety, self-esteem, happiness index and primary school students’ academic performance in Chilean adolescents from the Biobío province. Methodology: 733 (46.1% girls; 12 (1.3 years)) public primary school students that completed the 2018 Health and School Performance Survey carried out in the Biobío province were included in this cross-sectional analysis. The BECK Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to measure anxiety while happiness index and self-esteem were measured using the subjective happiness scale and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, respectively. School performance was measured by grade point average (GPA) of language, math, physical education and cumulative GPA, and behavior associated with cognition in the school context was also considered. The relationship between mental health indicators and school performance was investigated using a one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: In comparison to students with low anxiety levels and high self-esteem and happiness levels, students with higher anxiety levels, lower self-esteem and happiness levels perceived themselves as having memory problems. They were also slower to solve math problems, had a shorter attention span in class and presented more difficulties in solving complex tasks, as well as being more nervous during testing. These students also got the lowest grade point average in math, language and physical education. Conclusion: High anxiety levels, low self-esteem and low happiness levels were associated with lower school performance and weaker behavior associated with cognition in Chilean adolescents. Implementing plans of emotional education and mental health could improve academic achievement

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Valoración de la actividad física, los hábitos alimentarios y su relación con el rendimiento académico en escolares adolescentes de la Fundación COMEDUC (Chile)

[spa] INTRODUCCIÓN: La práctica de actividad física y correctos hábitos alimentarios son considerados factores determinantes frente al riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y ante el deterioro de los procesos cognitivos. En adolescentes además disminuyen las conductas de riesgo referidas al uso de sustancias tóxicas y en etapa escolar influyen sobre la memoria de trabajo y en el proceso de aprendizaje. La actividad física, los hábitos alimentarios, y sus interacciones con el rendimiento académico han sido estudiados principalmente en población europea y norteamericana. En tanto en Chile se han desarrollado estudios, pero no donde interrelacionen las tres variables o tuviesen como población a adolescentes vulnerables. Para aumentar el conocimiento en el área, nuestra investigación se propuso cuatro OBJETIVOS: a) Describir el nivel de actividad física de estudiantes adolescentes de 14 a 18 años pertenecientes a centros escolares de la Fundación Nacional del Comercio para la Educación – COMEDUC, Chile; b) Describir los hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes adolescentes de 14 a 18 años pertenecientes a centros escolares de la Fundación Nacional del Comercio para la Educación – COMEDUC, Chile; c) Analizar la relación entre el nivel de actividad física y los hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes adolescentes de 14 a 18 años pertenecientes a centros escolares de la Fundación Nacional del Comercio para la Educación – COMEDUC, Chile; d) Determinar la relación entre el nivel de actividad física, los hábitos alimentarios y el rendimiento académico de estudiantes adolescentes de 14 a 18 años pertenecientes a centros escolares de la Fundación Nacional del Comercio para la Educación – COMEDUC, Chile. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio con diseño descriptivo y relacional, de corte transversal. Con una muestra de 2116 estudiantes adolescentes de la Fundación COMEDUC Chile. Se determinó el nivel de actividad física y hábitos alimentarios por medio de cuestionarios de auto reporte validados; además se consideraron los resultados académicos y de pruebas estandarizadas externas del año 2017, para luego determinar relaciones estadísticas entre las variables. RESULTADOS: Un 20.80% de los estudiantes tiene un nivel de actividad física alto, un 79.20% mediano y bajo. Respecto a los hábitos alimentarios un 59,1% de los estudiantes desayuna; un 71.4% realiza tres cuatro comidas al día. Más del 50% de los estudiantes no consumen Pescados ni Legumbres, mientras más del 70% consume comida rápida, azúcares y bebidas azucaradas. Los estudiantes que tienen un NAF Alto tienen mayor adherencia a realizar las comidas principales del día. Y, quienes tienen un NAF alto, consumen las comidas principales e ingieren las raciones adecuadas de alimentos tienen en general medias de rendimiento académico superiores a quienes no cumplen con las recomendaciones, principalmente en matemática. CONCLUSIONES: Los estudiantes tienen hábitos de actividad física y alimentación que se alejan de las recomendaciones. Evidencian predominantemente un NAF moderado a bajo, y hábitos alimentarios caracterizados por bajo consumo de desayuno, pescados, legumbres y carnes. Sin embargo, concluimos que tener un NAF alto se asoció a tener mejores hábitos de alimentación, así como tener ambos, en general, se asocia a un mejor rendimiento escolar. Los resultados realzan la importancia del desarrollo de programas de promoción de hábitos de vida saludable, que sean liderados por los centros educacionales y que incorporen a toda la comunidad escolar.[eng] INTRODUCTION: The practice of physical activity and correct dietary habits are considered determining factors against the risk of chronic non transmissible diseases and the deterioration in cognitive processes. Besides, in adolescents, risk behaviors related to the use of toxic substances decrease and during school stage they influence working memory and the learning process. Physical activity, dietary habits and their interactions with academic performance have been studied mainly in the European and North American population. In Chile, studies have been carried out, but not with the three variables interrelated or have vulnerable adolescents as their population. To increase knowledge in the area, our research set out four OBJECTIVES: a) Describe the level of physical activity in adolescent students aged 14 to 18 belonging to schools of the National Trade Foundation for Education - COMEDUC, Chile; b) Describe dietary habits in adolescent students aged 14 to 18 belonging to schools of the National Trade Foundation for Education - COMEDUC, Chile; c) Analyze the relationship between the level of physical activity and the dietary habits of adolescent students aged 14 to 18 belonging to schools of the National Trade Foundation for Education - COMEDUC, Chile; d) Determine the relationship between the level of physical activity, dietary habits and academic performance of adolescent students aged 14 to 18 belonging to schools of the National Trade Foundation for Education - COMEDUC, Chile. METHODOLOGY: Study with descriptive and relational cross cutting design. With a sample of 2116 adolescent students from COMEDUC Chile Foundation. The level of physical activity and dietary habits was determined through validated self-report questionnaires; In addition, the academic results and external standardized tests of 2017 were considered, in order to later determine statistical relationships between the variables. RESULTS: 20.80% of the students present high level of physical activity, 79.20% medium and low. With regard to dietary habits, 59.1% of students have breakfast; 71.4% have three meals a day. More than 50% of students do not eat Fish or Legumes, while more than 70% consume fast food, sugar and sugary drinks. Students who present a High LPA have greater adhesion to main meals of the day. And those who have a high LPA, consume the main meals and ingest adequate portions and generally present higher academic performance in comparison to those who do not comply with the recommendations, principally in math. CONCLUSIONS: Students have physical activity and dietary habits that are far from recommendations. They show predominantly moderate to low LPA, and dietary habits characterized by low consumption of breakfast, fish, legumes and meat. However, we conclude that having a high LPA was associated with having better dietary habits, as well as having both, in general, is associated with better school performance. The results highlight the importance of developing programs to promote healthy lifestyles, led by educational institutions and incorporating the entire school community

Hábitos alimentarios y rendimiento académico en escolares adolescentes de Chile

Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe the eating habits and analyze the relationship between eating habits and academic performance in school adolescent population of Chile. Material and Methods: The study has a descriptive cross-cutting design. The sample was formed by 2,116 students (60.8% women and 39.2% men). Habits were determined by means of a 24-hour recall and school averages, in mathematics and language, as well as standardized tests were considered. For the analysis of data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: The results indicated that 59.1% of students have breakfast; 71.4% eat three or four meals a day; and, that those who performed such actions have a medium of performance that is superior to those who do not. Conclusions: Those with correct eating habits show better school performance, enhancing the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle habits among the school community.Introducción: Este estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la relación entre rendimiento académico y los hábitos alimentarios de una población escolar adolescente de Chile. Material y Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal. La muestra fue de 2116 estudiantes (60,8% mujeres y 39,2% hombres). Se determinaron los hábitos por medio de un recordatorio de 24 horas y se consideraron los promedios escolares generales, de matemática y lenguaje, además de pruebas estandarizadas. Para el análisis de datos se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que un 59,1% de los estudiantes desayuna; un71,4% realiza tres o cuatro comidas al día; Y, que quienes realizan dichas acciones tienen medias de rendimiento superiores a quienes no. Conclusiones: Quienes presentan correctos hábitos alimentarios evidencian un mejor rendimiento escolar, realzando la importancia de promover hábitos de vida saludable entre la comunidad escolar