Automatización del experimento de absorción en el infrarrojo medio del alcohol metílico

"Los estudios relacionados con la óptica constituyen un área multidisciplinaria con aplicaciones a niveles médicos, biológicos, industriales, entre otros, dentro de la investigación experimental, son realizados estudios de espectroscopía que permiten la detección de distintos elementos según su marca, como una huella digital, esto permite conocer el contenido de muestras en un compuesto. En el Taller de Luminiscencia y Resonancia Magnética de la Facultad de Ciencias ubicada en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma Nacional de México, se cuenta con un sistema espectroscópico compuesto principalmente de un láser CO2 que emite en el infrarrojo medio con potencias de hasta los 20W, y una celda fotoacústica en la que se ingresan muestras gaseosas. El experimento que se lleva acabo permite describir los parámetros de absorción que se producen al hacer incidir el haz láser sobre una muestra de alcohol metílico, obteniendo un muestreo de potencias del haz láser antes y después de la muestra, obteniendo un espectro de absorción. Se pone en marcha un proyecto de automatización que se encargue de monitorear el sistema para su visualización de parámetros, mantenimiento y operación del espectrómetro fotoacústico, garantizando la seguridad de los investigadores y el sistema, así como una reducción en la cantidad de usuarios"

Chloroplasts as a nitric oxide cellular source : Effect of reactive nitrogen species on chloroplastic lipids and proteins

Nitric oxide (NO) generation by soybean (Glycine max var. ADM 4800) chloroplasts was studied as an endogenous product assessed by the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique. Nitrite and L-arginine (Arg) are substrates for enzymatic activities considered to be the possible sources of NO in plants. Soybean chloroplasts showed a NO production of 3.2 ± 0.2 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein in the presence of 1 mM NaNO 2. Inhibition of photosynthetic electron flow by 3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea resulted in a lower rate (1.21 ± 0.04 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein) of NO generation. Chloroplasts incubated with 1 mM Arg showed NO production of 0.76 ± 0.04 nmol min -1 mg-1 protein that was not affected either by omission of Ca2+ or by supplementation with Ca2+ and calmodulin to the incubation medium. This production was inhibited when chloroplasts were incubated in the presence of NO synthase inhibitors Nω,-nitro- L-Arg methyl ester hydrochloride and Nω-nitro-L-Arg. In vitro exposure of chloroplasts to an NO donor (250 μM S-nitrosoglutathione) decreased lipid radical content in membranes by 29%; however, incubation in the presence of 25 μM peroxynitrite (ONOO-) led to an increase in lipid-derived radicals (34%). The effect of ONOO- on protein oxidation was determined by western blotting, showing an increase in carbonyl content either in stroma or thylakoid proteins as compared to controls. Moreover, ONOO- treatment significantly affected both O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence in thylakoids. Data reported here suggest that NO is an endogenous metabolite in soybean chloroplasts and that reactive nitrogen species could exert either antioxidant or prooxidant effects on chloroplast macromolecules.Instituto de Fisiología Vegeta

Chloroplasts as a nitric oxide cellular source : Effect of reactive nitrogen species on chloroplastic lipids and proteins

Nitric oxide (NO) generation by soybean (Glycine max var. ADM 4800) chloroplasts was studied as an endogenous product assessed by the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique. Nitrite and L-arginine (Arg) are substrates for enzymatic activities considered to be the possible sources of NO in plants. Soybean chloroplasts showed a NO production of 3.2 ± 0.2 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein in the presence of 1 mM NaNO 2. Inhibition of photosynthetic electron flow by 3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea resulted in a lower rate (1.21 ± 0.04 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein) of NO generation. Chloroplasts incubated with 1 mM Arg showed NO production of 0.76 ± 0.04 nmol min -1 mg-1 protein that was not affected either by omission of Ca2+ or by supplementation with Ca2+ and calmodulin to the incubation medium. This production was inhibited when chloroplasts were incubated in the presence of NO synthase inhibitors Nω,-nitro- L-Arg methyl ester hydrochloride and Nω-nitro-L-Arg. In vitro exposure of chloroplasts to an NO donor (250 μM S-nitrosoglutathione) decreased lipid radical content in membranes by 29%; however, incubation in the presence of 25 μM peroxynitrite (ONOO-) led to an increase in lipid-derived radicals (34%). The effect of ONOO- on protein oxidation was determined by western blotting, showing an increase in carbonyl content either in stroma or thylakoid proteins as compared to controls. Moreover, ONOO- treatment significantly affected both O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence in thylakoids. Data reported here suggest that NO is an endogenous metabolite in soybean chloroplasts and that reactive nitrogen species could exert either antioxidant or prooxidant effects on chloroplast macromolecules.Instituto de Fisiología Vegeta

Peran Tenaga Edukatif Dalam Pengembangan UPBJJ-UT

UT pusat bertugas merencanakan, mengorganisasikan, memantau, dan mengevaluasi, serta pelaksanaan kebijakan yang mencakup pengembangan bahan belajar dan ujian, serta memproses pelayanan akademik dan non akademik. dalam melaksanakan tugas, UT pusat selain mendirikan kantor UPBJJ di daerah juga berkerjasama dengan lembaga-lembaga lain, sehingga terbentuk suatu jaringan operasiona

Planeamiento estratégico para Confecciones Textimax S.A.

La presente tesis , Planeamiento Estratégico de Confecciones Textimax S.A, ha sido desarrollada con el fin de darle un aporte a la empresa en mención y a la vez ayudarlo a ser un referente importante dentro del sector de confecciones en nuestro país. Este plan busca enfocarse en pilares importantes tales como: rentabilidad a la organización, satisfacer de mejor forma a sus cliente, sostener y mejorar la política de responsabilidad social, desarrollo de nuevos productos, diseños y marcas propias, de tal forma que la organización crezca en el tiempo y mejore su participación en el mercado nacional e internacional. El entorno donde se desenvuelve Confecciones Textimax es cambiante, dinámica y altamente competitivo. En los últimos años se ha visto afectado por factores económicos externos e internos, lo cual se ha visto reflejado en la reducción de las exportaciones. Para poder entender de mejor forma el entorno, se ha realizado un análisis de todos los elementos externos que afectan a la organización y de la competencia, de tal manera que se llegue a conocer y comprender el sector, sus mercados y sus participantes, y así poder desarrollar las condiciones internas requeridas para lograr el éxito y poder alcanzar la visión trazada. Para desarrollar el plan estratégico, se ha seguido el modelo secuencial del proceso estratégico (D'Alessio, 2012) a partir del cual se ha propuesto una nueva visión y misión, valores y código de ética, a partir del cual han servido como pilares para el resto de análisis, estrategias y objetivos propuestos. Con el estudio del entorno y el análisis interno se ha podido identificar factores claves de éxito, que a su vez han servido para establecer estrategias. Para ayudar a cumplir las estrategias, se han definido objetivos tanto largo como a corto plazo, los cuales han sido distribuidos en un tablero de control balanceado, a fin de controlar la puesta en marcha del plan. Finalmente, el éxito en la implementación y ejecución de las estrategias planteadas dependerán de la actitud y posición que tome la alta dirección de Confecciones Textimax , sobretodo en actitudes que ayuden el sostener el cambio. Asimismo, será muy importante apoyar las diversas acciones asignado los recursos necesarios que garanticen su éxito; mantener una buena relación e integración con los proveedores y siendo responsable con el medio ambiente y la comunidad. Para el 2025, Confecciones Textimax no solo será un líder y referente en el sector nacional sino en el extranjero, siendo responsable con sus colaboradores, medioambiente y las comunidadesThis thesis, Strategic Planning Confections Textimax S.A., has been developed in order to give a contribution to the company in question and at the same time help to be an important benchmark in the textile confections industry in our country. This plan seeks to focus on important pillars such as profitability to the organization better meet their customer, sustain and improve social responsibility policy, development of new products, designs and own brands, so that the organization grow time and improve their participation in national and international markets. The environment where Textimax Apparel operates is changing, dynamic and highly competitive. In recent years it has been affected by external and internal economic factors, which is reflected in reduced exports. In order to understand better how the environment, has performed an analysis of all external factors affecting the organization and competition, so they get to know and understand the industry, its markets and its participants, and so to develop the internal conditions required to achieve success and to achieve the vision outlined. To develop the strategic plan, it has followed the sequential model of the strategic process (D'Alessio, 2012) from which it has proposed a new vision and mission, values and code of ethics, from which served as pillars other analysis, strategies and objectives. With the study of the environment and the internal analysis it was able to identify key success factors, which in turn have served to establish strategies. To help meet strategies have been defined long and short term goals, which have been distributed in a balanced scoreboard control in order to control the implementation of the plan. Finally, the successful implementation and execution of the proposed strategies will depend on the attitude and position to take top management of Confecciones Textimax, especially in the attitudes that help sustain change. It will also be very important to support the various actions allocated the necessary resources to ensure its success; maintain a good relationship and integration with suppliers and being responsible with the environment and the community. For 2025, Clothing Textimax not only be a leader and benchmark in the domestic sector but also abroad, being responsible with their employees, the environment and communitiesTesi

In vivo protein tyrosine nitration in Arabidopsis thaliana

Nitration of tyrosine (Y) residues of proteins is a low abundant post-translational modification that modulates protein function or fate in animal systems. However, very little is known about the in vivo prevalence of this modification and its corresponding targets in plants. Immunoprecipitation, based on an anti-3-nitroY antibody, was performed to pull-down potential in vivo targets of Y nitration in the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome. Further shotgun liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomic analysis of the immunoprecipitated proteins allowed the identification of 127 proteins. Around 35% of them corresponded to homologues of proteins that have been previously reported to be Y nitrated in other non-plant organisms. Some of the putative in vivo Y-nitrated proteins were further confirmed by western blot with specific antibodies. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) analysis of protein spots, separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis from immunoprecipitated proteins, led to the identification of seven nitrated peptides corresponding to six different proteins. However, in vivo nitration sites among putative targets could not be identified by MS/MS. Nevertheless, an MS/MS spectrum with 3-aminoY318 instead of the expected 3-nitroY was found for cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Reduction of nitroY to aminoY during MS-based proteomic analysis together with the in vivo low abundance of these modifications made the identification of nitration sites difficult. In turn, in vitro nitration of methionine synthase, which was also found in the shotgun proteomic screening, allowed unequivocal identification of a nitration site at Y287

Exposure to nitric oxide protects against oxidative damage but increases the labile iron pool in sorghum embryonic axes

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate), were used as the source of exogenous NO to study the effect of NO upon germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) seeds through its possible interaction with iron. Modulation of cellular Fe status could be an important factor for the establishment of oxidative stress and the regulation of plant physiology. Fresh and dry weights of the embryonic axes were significantly increased in the presence of 0.1 mM SNP, as compared to control. Spin trapping EPR was used to assess the NO content in axes from control seeds after 24 h of imbibition (2.4±0.2 nmol NO g−1 FW) and seeds exposed to 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM SNP (3.1±0.3, 4.6±0.2, and 6.0±0.9 nmol NO g−1 FW, respectively) and 1 mM DETA NONOate (6.2±0.6 nmol NO g−1 FW). Incubation of seeds with 1 mM SNP protected against oxidative damage to lipids and maintained membrane integrity. The content of the deferoxamine–Fe (III) complex significantly increased in homogenates of axes excised from seeds incubated in the presence of 1 mM SNP or 1 mM DETA NONOate as compared to the control (19±2 nmol Fe g−1 FW, 15.2±0.5 nmol Fe g−1 FW, and 8±1 nmol Fe g−1 FW, respectively), whereas total Fe content in the axes was not affected by the NO donor exposure. Data presented here provide experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that increased availability of NO drives not only protective effects to biomacromolecules, but to increasing the Fe availability for promoting cellular development as well

Use and perspectives of nitric oxide donors in agriculture

[Mini-review] Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged in the last 30 years as a key molecule involved in many physiological processes in plants, animals and bacteria. Current research has shown that NO can be delivered via donor molecules. In such cases, the NO release rate is dependent on the chemical structure of the donor itself and on the chemical environment. Despite NO's powerful signaling effect in plants and animals, the application of NO donors in agriculture is currently not implemented and research remains mainly at the experimental level. Technological development in the field of NO donors is rapidly expanding in scope to include controlling seed germination, plant development, ripening and increasing shelf-life of produce. Potential applications in animal production have also been identified. This concise review focuses on the use of donors that have shown potential biotechnological applications in agriculture. Insights are provided into (i) the role of donors in plant production, (ii) the potential use of donors in animal production and (iii) future approaches to explore the use and applications of donors for the benefit of agricultur

Calcium-sensing receptor regulates stomatal closure through hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in response to extracellular calcium in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis calcium-sensing receptor CAS is a crucial regulator of extracellular calcium-induced stomatal closure. Free cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+i) increases in response to a high extracellular calcium (Ca2+o) level through a CAS signalling pathway and finally leads to stomatal closure. Multidisciplinary approaches including histochemical, pharmacological, fluorescent, electrochemical, and molecular biological methods were used to discuss the relationship of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) signalling in the CAS signalling pathway in guard cells in response to Ca2+o. Here it is shown that Ca2+o could induce H2O2 and NO production from guard cells but only H2O2 from chloroplasts, leading to stomatal closure. In addition, the CASas mutant, the atrbohD/F double mutant, and the Atnoa1 mutant were all insensitive to Ca2+o-stimulated stomatal closure, as well as H2O2 and NO elevation in the case of CASas. Furthermore, it was found that the antioxidant system might function as a mediator in Ca2+o and H2O2 signalling in guard cells. The results suggest a hypothetical model whereby Ca2+o induces H2O2 and NO accumulation in guard cells through the CAS signalling pathway, which further triggers Ca2+i transients and finally stomatal closure. The possible cross-talk of Ca2+o and abscisic acid signalling as well as the antioxidant system are discussed