Women in the art of Classical Ancient Greece – the possibility of interpretation by using gender

The article deals with issues of interpretation of iconographic material with female figures from Classical Age of Ancient Greece. In the study, I try to analyze the material sources, interpret the obtained information by using gender and feminist perspective, and discuss how these theories could influence our knowledge about the lives of women in ancient Greece.  The scenes with female figures on the red-figure vases and relief sculptures are using as the main iconographic sources in the article. These scenes are often interpreted as confirming the oppression of women, who were confined to women’s quarters and exploited as free labor. I want to refer how our view of life could influences procedures and conclusions in restoring the lives of women in the past

Antropogénni vliv na změny krajiny a vegetace odrážející se v pylových spektrech ze středovýchodní Evropy.

Prezentovaná práce je zaměřena na vliv lidských společenství na změny vegetace a transformace krajiny v regionu střední Evropy. Hlavním cílem studie bylo zhodnotit, jak se minulé lidské činnosti odráží v pylových spektrech z různých typů a většinou malých lokalit. Člověk svou činností přispěl ke vzniku a šíření různých typů otevřených stanovišť, změnil složení vegetace introdukováním nových druhů, ovlivnil strukturu a složení lesů a podpořil zrychlení geomorfologických procesů, jako je eroze půdy a akumulace sedimentů. Změny ve složení vegetace vyvolané činností člověka se odráží v pylových spektrech. Za přímý důkaz lidské činnosti v pylových spektrech je považována přítomnost pylových zrn pěstovaných rostlin. Existuje také několik nepřímých stop indikujících lidský vliv na krajinu, jako je šíření sekundárních antropogenních indikátorů (apofyty), fluktuace v pylových křivkách dřevin jako důsledek změn v pokryvu krajiny nebo složení lesa, zvýšením množství mikro-uhlíků v důsledku lidmi založených požáru nebo erozní procesy způsobené lidskou aktivitou. V kapitole 1 se potvrdil předpoklad, že dopad neolitické lidské činnosti v krajině je v pylových spektrech téměř neviditelný, nicméně, několik nepřímých stop indikují přítomnost lidských komunit v těsné blízkosti místa studie. V kapitole 2 a 4 je...The present thesis focuses on the impact of human communities on postglacial vegetation changes and landscape transformation in the region of Central-Eastern Europe. The main aim of the study was to evaluate how past human activities are reflected in pollen spectra from different types of mostly small-sized sites. Since the Middle Holocene onwards, human impact contributed to the formation and spread of various types of open habitats, altered the vegetation composition by introducing new species, influenced forest structure and supported the acceleration of geomorphic processes such as soil erosion or sediment accumulation. Human-induced alteration of the landscape cover and vegetation composition is reflected in pollen spectra, but it is often difficult to identify. Considered as direct evidence of human activities are the presence of pollen grains of cultivated plants in pollen spectra. Besides, there are several indirect traces of human impact on the landscape such as the spread of secondary anthropogenic indicators (apophytes), fluctuation in pollen curves of trees as a consequence of change in landscape cover or woodland composition, increases of micro-charcoal particles due to human-induced fire or erosion processes. Chapter 1 presents confirmation of the assumption that Neolithic human...Department of BotanyKatedra botanikyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Education of Students and Graduates of Technical Schools for Contemporary Requirements of Practice

AbstractThe education is a process during which a person acquires and develops new knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes. Therefore an educational unit shall be capable to adapt itself to the labour market conditions promptly. The present article calls attention to the importance of the economical education not only of the students and graduates of high technical schools that are expected to function as quality specialists in practice, but also to the significance of an enterprise education. The educational preparation of the technical schools students and graduates shall flexibly respond to the current necessities of practice. As the education is a permanent process, it is necessary to transfer it into the enterprise education system, as the key factor in increasing labour productivity

Women in the art of Classical Ancient Greece – the possibility of interpretation by using gender

The article deals with issues of interpretation of iconographic material with female figures from Classical Age of Ancient Greece. In the study, I try to analyze the material sources, interpret the obtained information by using gender and feminist perspective, and discuss how these theories could influence our knowledge about the lives of women in ancient Greece.  The scenes with female figures on the red-figure vases and relief sculptures are using as the main iconographic sources in the article. These scenes are often interpreted as confirming the oppression of women, who were confined to women’s quarters and exploited as free labor. I want to refer how our view of life could influences procedures and conclusions in restoring the lives of women in the past.The article deals with issues of interpretation of iconographic material with female figures from Classical Age of Ancient Greece. In the study, I try to analyze the material sources, interpret the obtained information by using gender and feminist perspective, and discuss how these theories could influence our knowledge about the lives of women in ancient Greece.  The scenes with female figures on the red-figure vases and relief sculptures are using as the main iconographic sources in the article. These scenes are often interpreted as confirming the oppression of women, who were confined to women’s quarters and exploited as free labor. I want to refer how our view of life could influences procedures and conclusions in restoring the lives of women in the past

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLEN AND FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE RECENT LAKE SEDIMENTS AND MOSS POLSTERS IN CENTRAL EUROPE

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Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe

Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding the risk of fires is quantifying the mediating effect of vegetation on fire regimes. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover, land use, dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burning in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of central and eastern Europe over the past 12 kyr. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and statistical modelling. Biomass burning was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid-Holocene in all three ecoregions (Atlantic, continental and boreo-nemoral) but was more spatially variable over the past 3–4 kyr. Although climate explained a significant variance in biomass burning during the early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the highest predictor of past biomass burning over the past 8 kyr. In temperate forests, biomass burning was high at ~ 45% tree cover and decreased to a minimum at between 60% and 70% tree cover. In needleleaf-dominated forests, biomass burning was highest at ~60 %–65%tree cover and steeply declined at > 65% tree cover. Biomass burning also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ~15 %–20 %, although this relationship was variable depending on land use practice via ignition sources, fuel type and quantities. Higher tree cover reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching the forest floor and could provide moister, more wind-protected microclimates underneath canopies, thereby decreasing fuel flammability. Tree cover at which biomass burning increased appears to be driven by warmer and drier summer conditions during the early Holocene and by increasing human influence on land cover during the late Holocene. We suggest that longterm fire hazard may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene

Interdisciplinarity to reconstruct historical introductions: solving the status of cryptogenic crayfish

Anciently introduced species can be confounded with native species because introduction pre-dates the first species inventories or because of the loss of the collective memory of the introductions. The term ‘cryptogenic species’ denotes species of unknown or unclear status (native versus non-native) in a given territory, and disciplinary approaches are often insufficient for solving their true status. Here, we follow an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to solve the status of a cryptogenic species, proposing that building on evidence from multiple disciplines can produce robust and clarifying insights. We undertook an exhaustive review of information on a putatively native crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus) in Spain. The reviewed information included taxonomy, genetics and phylogeography, history, archaeology, linguistics, biogeography, ecology, symbiotic organisms and even gastronomy and pharmacy. The knowledge produced by different scientific disciplines converges to indicate that A. italicus is a non-native species in Spain. Historical documents even identify the first introduction event: crayfish were shipped from Italy to Spain in 1588 as a diplomatic gift from Francesco I de' Medici to King Philip II of Spain. Previous discussions on the status of A. italicus focussed on inconclusive and often confusing genetic results and excluded the rich and clarifying evidence available from other approaches and disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is an often-invoked but rarely implemented practice in an academic environment that increasingly promotes narrow-focussed specialization. Our review shows that the integration of disciplines can surpass disciplinary approaches in solving scientific controversies. Our results have straightforward implications for strategies to conserve biological diversity in Spain and Europe, urging a debate on the appropriateness of devoting conservation efforts to non-native species.Peer Reviewe

The Reading Palaeofire Database : an expanded global resource to document changes in fire regimes from sedimentary charcoal records

Sedimentary charcoal records are widely used to reconstruct regional changes in fire regimes through time in the geological past. Existing global compilations are not geographically comprehensive and do not provide consistent metadata for all sites. Furthermore, the age models provided for these records are not harmonised and many are based on older calibrations of the radiocarbon ages. These issues limit the use of existing compilations for research into past fire regimes. Here, we present an expanded database of charcoal records, accompanied by new age models based on recalibration of radiocarbon ages using IntCal20 and Bayesian age-modelling software. We document the structure and contents of the database, the construction of the age models, and the quality control measures applied. We also record the expansion of geographical coverage relative to previous charcoal compilations and the expansion of metadata that can be used to inform analyses. This first version of the Reading Palaeofire Database contains 1676 records (entities) from 1480 sites worldwide. The database (RPDv1b - Harrison et al., 2021) is available at https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.000345.Peer reviewe