CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS: ACCESS TO RIGHTS, PARTICIPATION AND BELONGING IN THE ERA OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN MOBILITY

ABSTRACT This article has the intention to review the concept of citizenship, by exploring its role as instrument of access to rights and political participation. Then, it is reassessed its current position, in face of the international human mobility and the ascension of the human rights law. The notion of statelessness will be used to contrast with the national citizenship, conducting to a reflection on the relation between citizenship and identity. Finally, it is advanced some conclusions regarding the role of the national states and the complexity of identities in an era of cross-national belongings and recurrent human displacements. KEYWORDS: Citizenship; statelessness; rights and participation; international human mobility; migrations and national identity.  RESUMO Este artigo tem a intenção de revisar o conceito de cidadania, explorando seu papel como instrumento de acesso a direitos e participação política. Em seguida, reavaliase sua posição atual, diante da mobilidade humana internacional e da ascensão dos direitos humanos. A noção de apatridia será utilizada para contrastar com a cidadania nacional, conduzindo a uma reflexão sobre a relação entre cidadania e identidade. Finalmente, são apresentadas algumas conclusões sobre o papel dos estados nacionais e a complexidade das identidades em uma era de pertencimentos transnacionais e recorrentes deslocamentos humanos. PALAVRS-CHAVE: Cidadania; apatridia; direitos e participação; mobilidade humana internacional; migrações e identidade nacional

Corruption, populism and the crisis of the rule of law in Brazil

CORRUPTION, POPULISM AND THE CRISIS OF THE RULE OF LAW IN BRAZILCORRUPÇÃO, POPULISMO E A CRISE DO “RULE OF LAW” NO BRASIL Alberto do Amaral Junior *Mariana Boer Martins**  RESUMO: O mundo testemunhou recentemente o aumento do populismo e do autoritarismo em várias democracias. O Brasil , é claro, não é exceção. No entanto, o processo que culminou com o resultado das últimas eleições presidenciais brasileiras é fundamentalmente diferente do que tem sido observado em alguns países do Norte Global. Embora a raiz da atual situação política no Brasil seja complexa, um de seus principais fatores é o nível notoriamente alto de corrupção do país. A hipótese que o presente artigo pretende explorar é a de que existe uma articulação entre a divulgação das investigações realizadas no âmbito da Operação Lava Jato, lançada em 2014 pela Polícia Federal do Brasil, e a subida ao poder de um governo populista de direita. A relevância desta análise é que tal correlação pode não só se aplicar exclusivamente ao caso do Brasil, mas também pode indicar que um fenômeno semelhante poderia ocorrer em outros países em circunstâncias semelhantes. A tese principal deste trabalho é que níveis extremamente elevados de corrupção são prejudiciais à democracia e ao "rule of law". PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Corrupção. Sistema político. Petrobras. Polarização. Populismo. ABSTRACT: The world has recently witnessed the rise of populism and authoritarianism in several democracies. Brazil, of course, is no exception. However, the process that culminated in the result of the last Brazilian presidential elections is fundamentally different from that which has been observed in some countries of the Global North. Although the root cause of the current political situation in Brazil is complex, one of its main factors is the country’s notoriously high level of corruption. The hypothesis which the present article aims to explore is that there is a linkage between the disclosure of the investigations which were carried out in the context of Operation Car Wash, launched in 2014 by the Federal Police of Brazil, and the rise to power of a populist right-wing government. The relevance of this analysis is that such correlation may not only apply exclusively to the case of Brazil, but it may also indicate that a similar phenomenon could take place in other countries under similar circumstances. The main thesis of this work is that extremely high levels of corruption are disruptive of democracy and the rule of law.  KEYWORDS: Corruption. Political system. Petrobras. Polarization. Populism.  SUMÁRIO: Introduction. I Corruption and populism in Brazil: a conceptual account. II Operation Car Wash (Lava-Jato): an overview.     III Operation Car Wash and political developments from 2014 onwards.  IV The outcome of the 2018 election as a side-effect of Operation Car Wash. V Conclusion. References. * Professor de Direito Internacional da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), em São Paulo, Brasil. Doutor em Direito pela Universidade de São Paulo. Livre Docente em Direito pela Universidade de São Paulo.** Mestre em Direito Internacional pela Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), em São Paulo, Brasil

O Código Civil, a globalização e os novos contornos do Direito Privado

Este artigo investiga como os efeitos da globalização operam sobre o Código Civil, assim como o modo em que ela reverbera sobre o direito privado. O tema será analisado a partir da experiência brasileira, com destaque às particularidades evidenciadas em um país em desenvolvimento, diferenciando-se da forma em que se apresenta nos países europeus. O estudo busca apontar como o fenômeno da globalização contribui para a experiência de organizar o direito privado em códigos, de forma a colaborar para a solução adequada dos conflitos sociais.This paper investigates how the globalization effects works on the Civil Code and on the Private Law as well. The theme will be analyzed under the Brazilian experience, highlighting the particularities of a developing country, differentiating from the way it presents itself on Western Europe. The study aims on how the globalization phenomenon contributed for the experience of organizing Private Law in codes, in a way to help finding a proper solution for social conflict

Avaliação da expressão dos genes GDF-8 e PPAR? e qualidade da carne de cordeiros Pantaneiros / Assessment of the expression of GDF-8 and PPAR? genes and quality of Pantaneiro lamb meat

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a expressão dos genes GDF-8 e PPAR? no músculo Longissimus e suas correlações com características de carcaça e desempenho de cordeiros Pantaneiros abatidos com diferentes categorias de peso. A expressão do gene GDF-8 não apresentou correlação significativa com as características fenotípicas. Entretanto, os resultados sugerem que a maior expressão do gene PPAR? pode aumentar a deposição de marmoreio, manter o pH da carne em faixa ótima e melhorar a eficiência alimentar e proteica em ovinos Pantaneiros. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar a futura aplicação do gene na seleção de ovinos Pantaneiros.

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Beyond trees: Mapping total aboveground biomass density in the Brazilian savanna using high-density UAV-lidar data

Tropical savanna ecosystems play a major role in the seasonality of the global carbon cycle. However, their ability to store and sequester carbon is uncertain due to combined and intermingling effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change, which impact wildfire regimes and vegetation dynamics. Accurate measurements of tropical savanna vegetation aboveground biomass (AGB) over broad spatial scales are crucial to achieve effective carbon emission mitigation strategies. UAV-lidar is a new remote sensing technology that can enable rapid 3-D mapping of structure and related AGB in tropical savanna ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the capability of high-density UAV-lidar to estimate and map total (tree, shrubs, and surface layers) aboveground biomass density (AGBt) in the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado). Five ordinary least square regression models esti-mating AGBt were adjusted using 50 field sample plots (30 m × 30 m). The best model was selected under Akaike Information Criterion, adjusted coefficient of determination (adj.R2), absolute and relative root mean square error (RMSE), and used to map AGBt from UAV-lidar data collected over 1,854 ha spanning the three major vegetation formations (forest, savanna, and grassland) in Cerrado. The model using vegetation height and cover was the most effective, with an overall model adj-R2 of 0.79 and a leave-one-out cross-validated RMSE of 19.11 Mg/ha (33.40%). The uncertainty and errors of our estimations were assessed for each vegetation formation separately, resulting in RMSEs of 27.08 Mg/ha (25.99%) for forests, 17.76 Mg/ha (43.96%) for savannas, and 7.72 Mg/ha (44.92%) for grasslands. These results prove the feasibility and potential of the UAV-lidar technology in Cerrado but also emphasize the need for further developing the estimation of biomass in grasslands, of high importance in the characterization of the global carbon balance and for supporting integrated fire management activities in tropical savanna ecosystems. Our results serve as a benchmark for future studies aiming to generate accurate biomass maps and provide baseline data for efficient management of fire and predicted climate change impacts on tropical savanna ecosystems

Câncer de esôfago e seus aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos: um relato de caso / Esophageal cancer and its clinical and therapeutic aspects: a case report

O presente artigo objetivou apresentar o caso clínico de um paciente transferido para centro terciário de atenção à saúde com queixas de disfagia, perda ponderal expressiva e rouquidão, sendo, posteriormente, diagnosticado com câncer de esôfago. Trata-se, então, de estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de caso, que visou analisar as principais características clínicas referidas pelo paciente em questão e o manejo terapêutico, além de traçar comparativos com a literatura. O câncer de esôfago (CE) é uma displasia de alta malignidade e ocupa o sétimo lugar entre as neoplasias mais incidentes e, dentre estas, a que detém o sexto lugar em termos de mortalidade. Sintomas como rouquidão, odinofagia, dor retroesternal, náuseas, vômitos, perda ponderal, sensação de empachamento e disfagia são observados em certos casos, sendo que perda do apetite, fadiga e mal-estar são considerados os de maior gravidade por alguns estudos. Diversos estudos são realizados com o intuito de estabelecer o melhor tratamento para o CE. Nessa perspectiva, e observando-se a conduta empregada neste relato de caso, ressalta-se o estudo CROSS, pautado pelo emprego de terapia neoadjuvante, seguida da cirurgia para a ressecção da neoplasia, que apontou uma maior sobrevida global dos doentes, além de incutir em uma menor mortalidade por CE na população analisada. Frente à agressividade do tumor, há perspectivas de que o cuidado do doente seja cada vez mais pautado pelas evidências científicas, trazendo benefícios potenciais para a qualidade de vida do paciente

Os mártires e a cristianização do território na América portuguesa, séculos XVI e XVII

O artigo investiga um grupo de atores sociais bastante relevante para viabilizar a cristianização na América portuguesa: os mártires cristãos, indivíduos muito especiais, dispostos a regar a terra com seu próprio sangue, de forma a tornar definitiva e irreversível a ocupação cristã do território. Os mártires - e principalmente a narrativa em torno deles - parecem ter sido bastante acionados para integrar a América portuguesa e seus habitantes nativos à temporalidade e territorialidade cristã. Os mártires dos séculos XVI e XVII, principalmente missionários, reeditavam os martírios do início da cristandade, que espalharam o cristianismo rumo a diversas partes do mundo na antiguidade. Dessa forma, viabilizaram a cristianização das novas fronteiras, consagrando o solo com seu sangue divino e viabilizando posteriores processos de urbanização. Além da função estratégica dos mártires para os cristãos, o texto mostra que eles também tiveram significado peculiar na interlocução com as culturas ameríndias, que tinha como um de seus principais personagens o grande guerreiro, disposto a perder seu sangue em prol de seu grupo.This paper looks into a group of social agents who played a significant role in the Christianization of Portuguese America, namely, the Christian martyrs - very special individuals who were ready to wet the land with their own blood in order to make possible a definitive and irreversible occupation of the territory by Christian settlers. The martyrs, and above all the stories told about them, seem to have been called upon to integrate Portuguese America and its native inhabitants into the temporalities and territory of Christendom. Mostly made up of missionaries, this group of 16th and 17th-century martyrs reedited the martyrdom of early Christians, who spread their creed across numerous parts of the Ancient World. They enabled the Christianization of new frontiers by consecrating the soil with their divine blood and paving the way for subsequent processes of urban development. In addition to their strategic significance for Christianity, the text also shows that their martyrdom played a specific role in the Christian settlers' interaction with Amerindian culture, whose main cults included the figure of the great warrior, ever ready to shed his own blood for his group

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types