Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

Peer reviewe

Isoprene, Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein from TROICA-12 Measurements and WRF-CHEM and GEOS-CHEM Simulations in the Far East Region

Spatial and temporal distributions of isoprene and its oxidation products, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein in the Far East region of Russia were investigated. The measurement data were obtained from a mobile laboratory, which moved along the Trans-Siberian railway and from WRF-CHEM (Weather Research and Forecasting Chemical Model) and GEOS-CHEM (Goddard Earth Observing System Chemical Model) simulations. During the simulations, the RACM-MIM and MOZART mechanisms, included in the mesoscale WRF-CHEM model, as well as the Caltech Isoprene Scheme (CIS), built in the global GEOS-CHEM model, have been used. We found that the temporal distribution of the measured isoprene is in good agreement with the simulations. The measured isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) concentrations demonstrate pronounced diurnal variations. The correlation between the measured isoprene and MVK + MACR was good (R ~ 0.60–0.86). However, the simulated correlation between MVK + MACR and isoprene is very low, with the data for the night-time and daytime values varying. The simulated MVK + MACR to isoprene ratio, in comparison with the experimental result, has pronounced diurnal variations. During twilight and the night-time, the simulated MVK + MACR to isoprene ratio is more than 10. We propose that, due to the validity of the kinetic equations only in the homogeneous system, all chemical and transport (CTM) models, based on these kinetic equations, are not able to show an adequate simulation at night in the weak mixing atmosphere, when the atmospheric structure becomes heterogeneous. At moderate latitudes, we recommend the use of the turbulent Damköhler number and the Kolmogorov Damköhler numbers, which characterize the limits of CTM applicability, as the quality flags at the air quality forecast simulations

Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND: Whether the oral factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban can be an alternative to warfarin in patients with venous thromboembolism is unclear. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study, we randomly assigned patients with acute venous thromboembolism, who had initially received heparin, to receive edoxaban at a dose of 60 mg once daily, or 30 mg once daily (e.g., in the case of patients with creatinine clearance of 30 to 50 ml per minute or a body weight below 60 kg), or to receive warfarin. Patients received the study drug for 3 to 12 months. The primary efficacy outcome was recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism. The principal safety outcome was major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 4921 patients presented with deep-vein thrombosis, and 3319 with a pulmonary embolism. Among patients receiving warfarin, the time in the therapeutic range was 63.5%. Edoxaban was noninferior to warfarin with respect to the primary efficacy outcome, which occurred in 130 patients in the edoxaban group (3.2%) and 146 patients in the warfarin group (3.5%) (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 1.13; P<0.001 for noninferiority). The safety outcome occurred in 349 patients (8.5%) in the edoxaban group and 423 patients (10.3%) in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.94; P=0.004 for superiority). The rates of other adverse events were similar in the two groups. A total of 938 patients with pulmonary embolism had right ventricular dysfunction, as assessed by measurement of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels; the rate of recurrent venous thromboembolism in this subgroup was 3.3% in the edoxaban group and 6.2% in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Edoxaban administered once daily after initial treatment with heparin was noninferior to high-quality standard therapy and caused significantly less bleeding in a broad spectrum of patients with venous thromboembolism, including those with severe pulmonary embolism. (Funded by Daiichi-Sankyo; Hokusai-VTE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00986154.)

Measurement of charged jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.

Direct observation of the dead-cone effect in quantum chromodynamics

The direct measurement of the QCD dead cone in charm quark fragmentation is reported, using iterative declustering of jets tagged with a fully reconstructed charmed hadron