Application of built-in adjuvants for epitope-based vaccines

Several studies have shown that epitope vaccines exhibit substantial advantages over conventional vaccines. However, epitope vaccines are associated with limited immunity, which can be overcome by conjugating antigenic epitopes with built-in adjuvants (e.g., some carrier proteins or new biomaterials) with special properties, including immunologic specificity, good biosecurity and biocompatibility, and the ability to vastly improve the immune response of epitope vaccines. When designing epitope vaccines, the following types of built-in adjuvants are typically considered: (1) pattern recognition receptor ligands (i.e., toll-like receptors); (2) virus-like particle carrier platforms; (3) bacterial toxin proteins; and (4) novel potential delivery systems (e.g., self-assembled peptide nanoparticles, lipid core peptides, and polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles). This review primarily discusses the current and prospective applications of these built-in adjuvants (i.e., biological carriers) to provide some references for the future design of epitope-based vaccines

A Comparison of Intramuscular Anesthetic Techniques in Chickens

Background & Objective: Administration of anesthetic substances to chickens requires careful consideration for the safe delivery of the agent to the bird. The research objective was to evaluate several drug combinations for intramuscular anesthesia in chickens for physiologic, nutritional, pharmacological and other investigations. Meterial & Methods: Sixty healthy chickens were randomly assigned in six treatment groups and received Ketamine in combination with Xylazine, Midazolam or Acepromazine. Heart and respiratory rate, induction time, duration of surgical anesthesia and light anesthesia were measured. Results: Induction of anesthesia was significantly longer following Acepromazine- Ketamine and Midazolam- Ketamine compared to other groups (P<0.05). Duration of surgical anesthesia was longest with Xylazine- Midazolam- Ketamine and shortest with Midazolam-Ketamine and Acepromazine- Ketamine (P<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the most effective drug combinations resulting in longer duration of surgical anesthesia, were Xylazine- Acepromazine- Ketamine and Xylazine- Midazolam- Ketamine. Other combinations did not produce appropriate surgical anesthesia, but they make slight changes in physiological data

Study of the Effect of Chlorpheniramine in Mouse Anesthesia with Propofol

Introduction: Propofol is an injectable anesthetics, which is used as sedation in surgery operations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the&nbsp; analgesic activity of chlorpheniramine, and its comparison with morphine and fentanyl ( opiod agents) in intraperitoneal&nbsp; propofol anesthesia in mice. Methods: 40 adult male mice were randomly assigned in 4 groups. Anesthesia was induced by intraperitoneal administration of different combinations including: group1 (Normal saline and propofol),&nbsp; group 2 ( chlorpheniramine and propofol), group 3 ( morphine and propofol) and finally group 4 (fentanyl and propofol). Results: Time of surgical anesthesia in group 1 ( 12.7&plusmn; 3.5) was shorter than group 2 (23.3 &plusmn;4.4) , group3 (25.2 &plusmn; 6.5), and group 4 (27.4&plusmn; 3.7) (P < 0.05). Toe pinch score was significantly different in the first group (2.7&plusmn; 0.5) and the second group (1.8 &plusmn; 0.7) (P < 0.05). Inhibition percentage in the second group (53.97) was more than first group (37.3) and it was ,also, less than third group (88.73) and fourth group (84.06) respectively. Significant decrease was observed in respiratory the rate from baseline values ( 148.9 &plusmn; 6.3) at all time points of anesthesia in all groups. Conclusion: Based on the present results it is concluded that opioid agents (morphine and fentanyl) were induced good analgesic and anesthetic statues in combination with propofol in mice. Compared to morphine and fentanyl, chlorpheniramine analgesia is poor. Thus, chlorpheniramine ( H1 antagonist) could be used in mice as analgesic and premedication agent in minor operations that there is no need to potent analgesics

Comparative study of antinociceptive effects of magnesium sulfate and lidocaine intra and postoperative surgery in animal model

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive efficacy of three lumbosacral analgesic protocols for elective tail ducking surgery in dogs received acepromazine premedication.  Materials and methods: 15 dogs were randomly divided in 3 groups. Evaluated treatments were lidocaine (4mg/kg) alone (group1), magnesium sulphate (2.5 mg/kg ) in combination with lidocaine (4 mg/kg) (group2) and magnesium sulphate (2.5 mg/kg) alone ( group3) that were injected in the epidural space. Analgesia was assessed before surgical procedure using Von Frey device. Analgesia was evaluated during and after surgery, too.   Results: The decrease of pain was significant in three treated groups during and after surgery (P < 0.05). Pain score was lower in first and second groups than in the third group, during surgery. There was a difference in pain score between first and second groups in postoperative evaluation (P < 0.05). Von Frey filaments evaluation showed that no significant changes in Von Frey thresholds were observed among the groups. Conclusion:  Based on the present results it is concluded that magnesium sulfate injected into the lumbosacral epidural space of dogs causes to an antinociceptive effect in A δ  and C- fibers without any motor functional deficits. Additionally, magnesium sulfate- lidocaine combination produce suitable postoperative analgesia